Distribution, Characterization and the Commercialization of Elite Rhizobia Strains in Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation Processes
3. Distribution of Rhizobia in African Soil
Strain | Legume | Reference |
---|---|---|
R. phaseoli | P. vulagaris | [17,66] |
R. paranaense, | P. vulagaris | [66] |
R. sophoriradicis | P. vulagaris | [66] |
R. leucaenae | P. vulagaris | [66] |
R. aegyptiacum | P. vulagaris | [66] |
R. tropicii | P. vulagaris, Sesbania sesban | [67,68,69] |
R. etli | P. vulagaris | [67,68] |
R. leguminosarum | Sesbania sesban, V. faba | [69,70] |
M. amorphae | S. sesban, C. arietinum | [69,71] |
M. plurifarium | S. sesban | [69] |
R. huautlense | S. sesban, C. arietinum | [69,71] |
M. plurifarium | S. sesban, C. arietinum | [69,71] |
B. elkanii | Vigna subterranea, Glycine max, A. hypogaea | [72,73,74] |
B. japonicum | V. subterranea, Glycine max, A. hypogaea | [72,73] |
M. ciceri | Cicer arietinum | [71] |
M. mediterraneum | C. arietinum | [71,75] |
M. loti | C. arietinum | [71] |
M. opportunistum | C. arietinum | [71] |
M. haukuii | C. arietinum | [71] |
M. tianshanense | C. arietinum | [71] |
M. cicero | C. arietinum | [75] |
B. yuanmingense | A. hypogaea | [73] |
B. canariense | A. hypogaea | [73] |
B. liaoningense | A. hypogaea | [73] |
R. pisi | V. faba | [70] |
R. anhuiense | V. faba | [70] |
R. laguerreae | V. faba | [70] |
R. binae | V. faba | [70] |
R. bangladeshense | V. faba | [70] |
R. lentis | V. faba | [70] |
R. aethiopicum | V. faba | [70] |
R. aegypticum | V. faba | [70] |
4. Factors Affecting the Distribution of Rhizobia in Africa
5. Methods Used in Rhizobia Characterization in Africa
5.1. Phenotypic and Biochemical Characterization
5.2. Molecular Characterization
6. Potential and Challenges to Commercialization of Rhizobia-Based Inoculants
No. | Name of Inoculant | Rhizobia Strain | Manufacturer, Country | Target Crops | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Biofix | Various strains | MEA Ltd., Kenya | Common bean, soybean, lucerne, peas, cowpea, groundnuts | [185,194] |
2 | Nodumax | Bradyrhizobia | IITA, Nigeria | Soybean | [195] |
3 | Sojapak | B. japonicum | Soygro, South Africa | Soybean | [13] |
4 | Soyflo | B. japonicum | Soygro, South Africa | Soybean | [196] |
5 | Peanutflo | Bradyrhizobium sp. | Soygro, South Africa | Peanut and Bambara nuts | [196] |
6 | Rhizoflo | Bradyrhizobium japonicum | BASF South Africa (Pty) Ltd. | Soybean | [186] |
7 | SeedQuestR | Rhizobium | Soygro, South Africa | Soybean | [197] |
8 | Organo | Rhizobium | Microbial solution Ltd., South Africa | Soybean | [197] |
9 | Likuiq Semia | Bradyrhizobium elkanii | Microbial Solution Ltd., South Africa | Soybean | [198] |
10 | Histick | B. japonicum | BASF South Africa Ltd., South Africa | Soybean | [197] |
11 | Organico | Rhizobium | Amka Products | Soybean | [197] |
12 | Nitrasec Alfalfa (Lucerne) | Sinorhizobium meliloti | Microbial solution (Pty) Ltd., South Africa | Lucerne | [199] |
13 | RAB inoculant | Rhizobium tropici | Rwanda Agricultural Board, Rwanda | Common bean | [187] |
14 | N-Soy | B. japonicum | BioControl Products SA (Pty) Ltd., South Africa | Soybean | [197] |
15 | N-Bean | Rhizobium phaseolus | BioControl Products SA (Pty) Ltd., South Africa | Common bean | [197] |
16 | Nitrosua | B. japonicum | Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania | Soybean | [187,189] |
17 | Nitrozam | Various rhizobia strains | Mt. Makulu Research Station, Zambia | soybean, lucerne and common bean | [189] |
18 | Bio-N fix | B. japonicum and Rhizobium tropici | Madhavani Ltd. and Makerere University, Uganda | Soybean and common bean | [187] |
19 | Kefrifix | Rhizobium | Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Kenya | Leguminous trees, common bean | [186] |
7. Future Prospects
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wekesa, C.; Jalloh, A.A.; Muoma, J.O.; Korir, H.; Omenge, K.M.; Maingi, J.M.; Furch, A.C.U.; Oelmüller, R. Distribution, Characterization and the Commercialization of Elite Rhizobia Strains in Africa. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126599
Wekesa C, Jalloh AA, Muoma JO, Korir H, Omenge KM, Maingi JM, Furch ACU, Oelmüller R. Distribution, Characterization and the Commercialization of Elite Rhizobia Strains in Africa. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126599
Chicago/Turabian StyleWekesa, Clabe, Abdul A. Jalloh, John O. Muoma, Hezekiah Korir, Keziah M. Omenge, John M. Maingi, Alexandra C. U. Furch, and Ralf Oelmüller. 2022. "Distribution, Characterization and the Commercialization of Elite Rhizobia Strains in Africa" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126599