Allicin as a Volatile or Nebulisable Antimycotic for the Treatment of Pulmonary Mycoses: In Vitro Studies Using a Lung Flow Test Rig
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Identification and Molecular Characterisation of a Suitable Thermophilic Fungus
2.2. Allicin Inhibits Spore Germination upon Direct Contact and via the Gas Phase
2.3. Comparison of Allicin Efficacy with That of Amphotericin B
2.4. Allicin Aerosol Inhibits Fungal Growth in an Artificial Lung Model
2.5. Enhancement of Allicin Vapour Efficacy Using Ethanol as Solvent
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Allicin Synthesis
4.2. Isolation and Characterisation of Fungi
4.3. Sequencing and Species Identification
4.4. Cultivation Methods
4.5. Susceptibility Assays
4.6. MIC and EC50 Determination
4.7. Lung Model Experiments
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. List of Culture Media
Potato dextrose agar | PDA (39 g potato glucose agar (AppliChem, Darmstadt, Germany) |
Czapek agar | CZA (30 g saccharose, 2.5 g NaNO3, 1 g K2HPO4, 0.5 g KCl, 0.5 g MgSO4 × 7H2O, 0.01 g FeSO4 × 7H2O) |
Malt extract agar | MEA (15 g malt extract (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany)) |
Sabouraud agar | Sabo (40 g glucose/maltose monohydrate, 10 g peptone) |
Oatmeal agar | OA (30 g of oat flakes were brought to a boil in 1 L deionised water and allowed to simmer gently for 2 h. The oat flakes were then suspended. The suspension was filtered and agar was added to the filtrate.) |
Appendix B. Macroscopic and Microscopic Characteristics of the Isolated Fungi
Appendix B.1. Penicillium crustosum
Appendix B.2. Paecilomyces formosus
Appendix B.3. Cladosporium cladosporioides
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Treatment | Aerosol | Vapour | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allicin concentration [mM] | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 20 | 40 | 20 |
Solvent | deionised water | deionised water | 96% ethanol | ||||
Mean treatment volume [mL] | 4.581 (±0.020) | 4.974 (±0.041) | 5.001 (±0.073) | 4.935 (±0.175) | 0.273 (±0.033) | 0.454 (±0.021) | 1.379 (±0.003) |
Mean allicin consumed [µmol] | 0.46 (±0.002) | 1.2 (±0.01) | 2.5 (±0.04) | 3.7 (±0.13) | 5.5 (±0.7) | 18 (±1.4) | 28 (±0.1) |
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Schier, C.; Foerster, J.; Heupel, M.; Dörner, P.; Klaas, M.; Schröder, W.; Rink, L.; Slusarenko, A.J.; Gruhlke, M.C.H. Allicin as a Volatile or Nebulisable Antimycotic for the Treatment of Pulmonary Mycoses: In Vitro Studies Using a Lung Flow Test Rig. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126607
Schier C, Foerster J, Heupel M, Dörner P, Klaas M, Schröder W, Rink L, Slusarenko AJ, Gruhlke MCH. Allicin as a Volatile or Nebulisable Antimycotic for the Treatment of Pulmonary Mycoses: In Vitro Studies Using a Lung Flow Test Rig. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126607
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchier, Christina, Jana Foerster (née Reiter), Monika Heupel, Philipp Dörner, Michael Klaas, Wolfgang Schröder, Lothar Rink, Alan J. Slusarenko, and Martin C. H. Gruhlke. 2022. "Allicin as a Volatile or Nebulisable Antimycotic for the Treatment of Pulmonary Mycoses: In Vitro Studies Using a Lung Flow Test Rig" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126607