Customized Utilization Strategies of Industrial Lignin to Produce Adsorbents and Flocculants Based on Fractionation and Adequate Structural Interpretation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Classification of Lignin and the Characterization of its Components
2.2. Production of Lignin-Based Flocculant
2.3. Characterization of Lignin-Based Flocculant
2.4. External Factors Influencing the Flocculation Effect
2.5. Production and Characterization of the Lignin-Based Activated Carbon
2.6. Adsorption of LAC to Wastewater Containing Cu (II)
2.6.1. Adsorption Isotherms and Adsorption Kinetics
2.6.2. Effect of LAC Dosage
2.6.3. Effect of Wastewater pH
2.6.4. Effect of Temperature
2.6.5. Regeneration of LAC
2.6.6. Prospect of Industrialization
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Sequential Solvent Fractionation
3.3. Production of a Lignin-Based Flocculant
3.4. Production of Lignin-Based Activated Carbon
3.5. Characterization
3.6. Flocculation Experiments
3.7. Adsorption Experiments
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lignin Samples | Yield (%) | Mn (g/mol) | Mw (g/mol) | PDI | Total Phenolic−OH (mmol/g) | COOH (mmol/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KL | 881 | 2777 | 3.15 | 4.53 | 2.72 | |
F1 | 15.00 | 781 | 1141 | 1.46 | 4.97 | 3.12 |
F2 | 34.93 | 1885 | 2696 | 1.43 | 4.55 | 2.74 |
F3 | 19.10 | 2807 | 3987 | 1.42 | 3.17 | 1.56 |
F4 | 21.22 | 4355 | 6794 | 1.56 | 2.77 | 1.26 |
F5 | 9.15 | 4676 | 9820 | 2.10 | 2.30 | 1.21 |
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Wang, L.; Yang, D.; Li, X.; Zhu, X.; Jiang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, X.; Yu, H. Customized Utilization Strategies of Industrial Lignin to Produce Adsorbents and Flocculants Based on Fractionation and Adequate Structural Interpretation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126617
Wang L, Yang D, Li X, Zhu X, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Yu H. Customized Utilization Strategies of Industrial Lignin to Produce Adsorbents and Flocculants Based on Fractionation and Adequate Structural Interpretation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126617
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Lei, Dewei Yang, Xiaohan Li, Xinyi Zhu, Jungang Jiang, Yifan Zhang, Xue Chen, and Hongbo Yu. 2022. "Customized Utilization Strategies of Industrial Lignin to Produce Adsorbents and Flocculants Based on Fractionation and Adequate Structural Interpretation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126617