Bioconjugated Thymol-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite as a Selective and Biocompatible Antibacterial Agent against Staphylococcus Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Material Properties
2.1.1. Phase Composition
2.1.2. UV–Vis Analysis
2.1.3. FT-IR Analysis
2.2. Biological Activity
Antibacterial Activity
2.3. Plausible Antibacterial Mechanism
2.3.1. Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm Formation by TZ NC
2.3.2. Morphological Characterization of Bacteria: Bursting from Within
2.3.3. Synergistic Action of TZ NC with Antibiotics
2.4. Biocompatibility of TZ NC
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Biosynthesis of TZ NC
3.2. Characterization
3.2.1. Properties of the Materials
3.2.2. Preparation of Bacterial Cells
3.2.3. Determination of MICs
3.2.4. Growth Curve Analysis
3.2.5. Crystal Violet Assays
3.2.6. Morphological Characterization of Bacterial Cells and Nanocomposite
3.2.7. Screening of Synergistic Antibiotics with TZ NC
3.2.8. Biocompatibility Assays
3.2.9. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Strain Type | Strain Identification Number 1 | Resistant Antibiotics 2 | MIC (µg·mL−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZO | THO | TZ | ||||
Escherichia coli | Type | ATCC 25922 | None | >500 | 500 | >500 |
MDR | ATCC BAA-2452 | AMI, AMP, AZT, CEF, CTX, ETP, GEN, IMP, MER, PIP, TIC, TOB | >500 | >500 | >500 | |
ATCC BAA-2469 | AMI, AMP, AZT, CEF, CIP, CTX, ETP, GEN, IMP, MER, NAL, NOR, PIP, TIC, TOB | >500 | >500 | >500 | ||
ATCC BAA-2471 | AMP, AZT, CEF, CIP, CTX, ETP, GEN, IMP, MER, NAL, NOR, PIP, TIC, TOB | >500 | >500 | >500 | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | Type | ATCC 25923 | None | >500 | >500 | 62.5 |
MDR 3 | MRSA1 | MET, OXA | >500 | >500 | 250 | |
MRSA2 | MET, OXA | >500 | >500 | 500 | ||
MRSA3 | MET, OXA | >500 | >500 | 125 | ||
MRSA4 | MET, OXA | >500 | >500 | >500 | ||
S. epidermidis | Type | ATCC 14990 | None | >500 | >500 | 15.6 |
KCTC 13171 | None | >500 | >500 | 31.3 | ||
MDR 4 | ATCC 12228 | STR, AMP, PEN | >500 | >500 | 15.6 | |
S. warneri | Type | ATCC 27836 | None | >500 | >500 | 250 |
Antibiotics | Acronym | Subclass | MIC (μg·mL−1) 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
−TZ | +TZ | |||
Ampicillin | AMP | β-lactam | 0.125 | 0.0625 |
Chloramphenicol | CHL | Amphenicol | >4 | 4 |
Ciprofloxacin | CIP | Fluoroquinolone | <0.25 | <0.25 |
Clindamycin | CLI | Lincosamide | <0.125 | <0.125 |
Daptomycin | DAP | Cyclic lipopeptide | >1 | 1 |
Erythromycin | ERY | Macrolide | 0.5 | 0.25 |
Gentamicin | GEN | Aminoglycoside | <0.5 | <0.5 |
Levofloxacin | LEVO | Fluoroquinolone | 0.25 | 0.125 |
Linezolid | LZD | Oxazolidinone | >2 | 1 |
Moxifloxacin | MXF | Fluoroquinolone | 0.125 | 0.125 |
Nitrofurantoin | NIT | Nitrofuran | 16 | <8 |
Oxacillin +2%NaCl | OXA+ | β-lactam | 0.125 | 0.125 |
Penicillin | PEN | β-lactam | 0.25 | 0.0625 |
Quinupristin/ Dalfopristin | SYN | Lincosamide | <0.125 | <0.125 |
Rifampin | RIF | Rifampicin | <0.125 | <0.125 |
Streptomycin | STR | Aminoglycoside | <250 | <250 |
Tetracycline | TET | Tetracycline | >4 | >4 |
Tigecycline | TGC | Tetracycline | 0.125 | 0.03 |
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | SXT | Co-trimoxazole | 0.25/4.75 | 0.5/9.5 |
Vancomycin | VAN | Glycopeptide | 2 | 2 |
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Shin, J.; Naskar, A.; Ko, D.; Kim, S.; Kim, K.-s. Bioconjugated Thymol-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite as a Selective and Biocompatible Antibacterial Agent against Staphylococcus Species. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126770
Shin J, Naskar A, Ko D, Kim S, Kim K-s. Bioconjugated Thymol-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite as a Selective and Biocompatible Antibacterial Agent against Staphylococcus Species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126770
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Joonho, Atanu Naskar, Dongjoon Ko, Semi Kim, and Kwang-sun Kim. 2022. "Bioconjugated Thymol-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite as a Selective and Biocompatible Antibacterial Agent against Staphylococcus Species" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126770