Beneficial Effects of Theaflavins on Metabolic Syndrome: From Molecular Evidence to Gut Microbiome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Stability and Bioavailability of Theaflavins
3. Metabolic Syndrome and Theaflavins
3.1. Antiobesity and Lipid-Lowering Effects
Type | Related Disease | Cell Line/Animal Model | Treatment | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hyperlipidemia | Obesity | Mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblast | 0, 25, 50 μM TF3, 48 h | ↓ FAS expression | [38] |
↓ upregulation of CD36 and ACS | |||||
↑ gene expression of lipid catabolism and β-oxidation | |||||
↑ CPT-1L, CAD and HSL transcript levels | |||||
↑ UCP-1, UCP-2 | |||||
↑ Akt (Ser473) | |||||
↑ PPARα gene expression | |||||
↓ PPARγ upregulation | |||||
↓ phosphorylated FoxO3A | |||||
↓ inactive FoxO3A protein level | |||||
↑ MnSOD | |||||
↑ GFP intensity | |||||
ICR mice | 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg Y9 BTI for two weeks, | ↓ diet consumption | [41] | ||
↓ abdominal adipose weight | |||||
↑ fecal triglyceride | |||||
↓ lipid absorption | |||||
↑ Protein intake | |||||
↑ LKB1 and AMPK | |||||
↑ FAS | |||||
↑ phosphorylation of ACC. | |||||
↓ l IL-1β, iNOS, and Cox-2 | |||||
C57BL/6 mice with HFD-induced obesity | 150, 300 mg/kg/day black tea extract for 9 weeks, orally | ↓ Body weight | [42] | ||
↓ food intake and body weight | |||||
↓ Liver and kidney weight | |||||
↓ WAT lipid accumulation | |||||
↓ total WAT mass | |||||
↓ adipocyte hypertrophy | |||||
↓ BCAAs and AAAs content | |||||
↑ PPP metabolites | |||||
↓ PPARα, Cpt1a, Ehhadhm and Acox1 | |||||
↓ FAS, Acc1 and Srebp1 | |||||
↑ p-Acc1 levels | |||||
↓ p-Irs1 (Ser 318) and PI3K-p85 levels | |||||
↑ Akt phosphorylation | |||||
↑ p-AMPK levels | |||||
↑ insulin signalling synergistically | |||||
↑ EDRs | |||||
↓ phospho-elF2α (Ser52) | |||||
↓ chol | |||||
↓ hepatotoxicity | |||||
↑ mRNA level (WAT lipolysis) | |||||
fatty liver | HepG2 | 5 μM TF3, 4 h | ↓ SREBP-1c | [47] | |
↓ FAS | |||||
↑ CPT1 activity | |||||
↑ ACC phosphorylation | |||||
↓ PK activity | |||||
↓ hepatic lipid accumulation | |||||
↓ liver steatosis | |||||
Dyslipidemia | Atherosclerosis | HUVEC (CRL-1730) | 5, 10 μmol/L TF1, 2 h | ↓ ROS | [45] |
↓ MDA | |||||
↑ SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px | |||||
↑ Nrf2 | |||||
↑ down-stream protein HO-1 | |||||
↑ miR-24 | |||||
ApoE-/-mice, C57BL/6J mice | 5, 10 mg/kg TF for 12 weeks, intragastrically | ↓ serum TG, TC, and LDL-C elevation | |||
↑ HDL-C | |||||
↓ vacuoles size and number | |||||
↓ atherosclerotic lesion area | |||||
↓ MMP-2 | |||||
↓ MMP-9 | |||||
↓ ROS | |||||
↓ MDA | |||||
↑ antioxidant enzymes activities | |||||
Dysglycemia | type 2 diebete | C2C12(T2D) | 20 μM TF1, 48 h | ↑ Ca2+ abundance | [49] |
↑ mitochondrial abundance | |||||
↑ CaMKK2 | |||||
↑ AMPK | |||||
↑ PGC-1α | |||||
↑ SIRT1 | |||||
↑ mitochondrial metabolic activity | |||||
↑ 2-NBDG uptake | |||||
↑ total GLUT4 | |||||
HepG2 | 2.5, 5, 10 µg/mL TFs, 24 h | ↑ membrane bound GLUT4 | [50] | ||
↓ IRS-1 (Ser307) | |||||
↑ Akt (Ser473) | |||||
↑ glucose uptake | |||||
↑ insulin sensitivity | |||||
↑ mtDNA copy number | |||||
↓ PGC-1β | |||||
↑ PRC | |||||
↓ TC uptake | |||||
↓ blood glucose level | |||||
HFD-induced mice | TF1, TF2a, TF3 100 mg kg/d, and TFs 200 mg kg/d for 9 weeks | ↓ serum glucose | [51] | ||
↓ TC, TG, LDL and HLD | |||||
↑ SIRT6 expression | |||||
↓ SREBP-1 and FASN expression | |||||
↓ Serum glucose | |||||
↑ glucose tolerance | |||||
SDT rats | 2 mL theaflavin extract in 0.5% CMC, 25 mg/kg/day for 10-, 16-, 22-, 24- and 28-wk, orally | ↑ plasma insulin levels | [52] | ||
↑ GLP and GLP1 | |||||
↑ incretin secretion | |||||
the development of pre-diabetes in control, affect glucose transporter expression | |||||
↓ blood glucose levels | |||||
↑ plasma insulin | |||||
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | theaflavin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt.) in 0.5 mL water for 30 days, intra- gastrically | ↓ HOMA-IR index | [53] | ||
↑ total hemoglobin | |||||
↓ HbA1C | |||||
↓ hexose, hexosamine, fucose, | |||||
and sialic acid in plasma | |||||
↓ TCA cycle key enzymes activities | |||||
↑ plasma insulin level | |||||
↓ TG | |||||
↓ FFA | |||||
1 µM alloxan and 4% glucose induced diabetic Zebrafish model. | TF3 (0.5, 2, 4, 6.7, 10, and 20 µg/mL) or metformin hydrochloride (10 µg/mL) for 24 h | ↓ glucose level | [54] | ||
↓ PEPCK level | |||||
↑ GCK expression | |||||
↑ β cell regeneration rates | |||||
uric acid metabolism | Hyperuricemia | Kunming male mice of SPF einjected with PO-induced Hyperuricemia | 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day TF, TF-3-G and TFDG for 7 days, intragastrically | ↓ SUA values | [55] |
↓ serum Cr values | |||||
↓ ADA | |||||
↓ XOD | |||||
↓ URAT1 | |||||
↓ GLUT9 | |||||
↑ ABCG2 mRNA | |||||
↓ OAT1/2 | |||||
↑ OCTN1, OAT1 and OAT2 mRNA | |||||
↓ inflammatory cells | |||||
↑ Nrf2 and HO-1 |
3.2. Hypoglycemic Activity
3.3. Uric Acid Lowering Effect
4. The Interactions of Theaflavins and Gut Microbiota
5. Conclusions and Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shi, M.; Lu, Y.; Wu, J.; Zheng, Z.; Lv, C.; Ye, J.; Qin, S.; Zeng, C. Beneficial Effects of Theaflavins on Metabolic Syndrome: From Molecular Evidence to Gut Microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147595
Shi M, Lu Y, Wu J, Zheng Z, Lv C, Ye J, Qin S, Zeng C. Beneficial Effects of Theaflavins on Metabolic Syndrome: From Molecular Evidence to Gut Microbiome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14):7595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147595
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Meng, Yuting Lu, Junling Wu, Zhibing Zheng, Chenghao Lv, Jianhui Ye, Si Qin, and Chaoxi Zeng. 2022. "Beneficial Effects of Theaflavins on Metabolic Syndrome: From Molecular Evidence to Gut Microbiome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14: 7595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147595