Is There a Connection between the Metabolism of Copper, Sulfur, and Molybdenum in Alzheimer’s Disease? New Insights on Disease Etiology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Linking AD Predisposing Factors to Cu and S Metabolism
3. Linking Cu to AD Pathology or Multiple AD-Associated Factors
4. Linking S Metabolism to AD Pathology or Multiple AD-Associated Factors
5. Hypothetical Relationship between Mo and AD Pathology or Multiple AD-Associated Factors
6. Linking Metabolic Interaction of Cu, Mo, and S to AD Pathology or Multiple AD-Associated Factors
7. Cu and Mo Increase in the Blood Vessels and Evidence Sustaining a Decreased Cu and Mo Transport in the Brain with Aging
8. Mo Deficiency and Low SUOX and Cytochrome c Activities Are Possibly Linked to AD
9. Clinical Perspective for AD and the “Cu–Mo–S Circuitry”
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Lower Activity or Synthesis of XO, AO, SUOX or Moco, or Mo Deficiency | Alzheimer’s Disease | |
---|---|---|
Similarities | ||
Sulfate | Low urinary SO42− content [9,10]. | |
Methionine | High plasma Met [105]. | |
Cysteine | Sulfite loading stops the conversion of Met to Cys, and this causes Cys levels to fall [105]. | |
Uric acid | Serum and urinary uric acid contents are reduced [107]. |
Event | Research Results |
---|---|
NCp–Cu accumulation in serum or plasma. |
|
Cu and Mo are antagonists, so excessive Cu cause Mo deficiency and vice versa. |
|
Products of enzymes’ activity that have Mo as a co-factor are in lower content in AD than in healthy people | |
Altered S amino acids metabolism occurs in AD |
|
Mo contents |
Serum Levels | Brain Tissue Levels | |
---|---|---|
Similarities | ||
Cu | High content of nCp–Cu in serum [36]. | In brain tissues, the Cu content is usually low [36,68]. |
Evidence suggesting a low level of Mo in AD brain tissues: | ||
Mo | Serum Mo content increased progressively, passing from healthy subjects (HS) through subjective memory complaint, mild cognitive impairment up to AD, and the difference between HS and AD was statistically significant [124]. |
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Coelho, F.C.; Cerchiaro, G.; Araújo, S.E.S.; Daher, J.P.L.; Cardoso, S.A.; Coelho, G.F.; Guimarães, A.G. Is There a Connection between the Metabolism of Copper, Sulfur, and Molybdenum in Alzheimer’s Disease? New Insights on Disease Etiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147935
Coelho FC, Cerchiaro G, Araújo SES, Daher JPL, Cardoso SA, Coelho GF, Guimarães AG. Is There a Connection between the Metabolism of Copper, Sulfur, and Molybdenum in Alzheimer’s Disease? New Insights on Disease Etiology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14):7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147935
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoelho, Fábio Cunha, Giselle Cerchiaro, Sheila Espírito Santo Araújo, João Paulo Lima Daher, Silvia Almeida Cardoso, Gustavo Fialho Coelho, and Arthur Giraldi Guimarães. 2022. "Is There a Connection between the Metabolism of Copper, Sulfur, and Molybdenum in Alzheimer’s Disease? New Insights on Disease Etiology" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14: 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147935