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Article

Isolation and Characterization of an LBD Transcription Factor CsLBD39 from Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) and Its Roles in Modulating Nitrate Content by Regulating Nitrate-Metabolism-Related Genes

by
Rui-Min Teng
1,
Ni Yang
1,
Jing-Wen Li
1,
Chun-Fang Liu
1,
Yi Chen
1,
Tong Li
2,
Ya-Hui Wang
2,
Ai-Sheng Xiong
2 and
Jing Zhuang
1,*
1
Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169294
Submission received: 1 July 2022 / Revised: 15 August 2022 / Accepted: 16 August 2022 / Published: 18 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Functional Genomics and Crop Genetic Improvement)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Nitrate nitrogen is an important nitrogen source for tea plants’ growth and development. LBD transcription factors play important roles in response to the presence of nitrate in plants. The functional study of LBD transcription factors in tea plants remains limited. In this study, the LBD family gene CsLBD39 was isolated and characterized from tea plants. Sequence analysis indicated that CsLBD39 contained a highly conserved CX2CX6CX3CX domain. The phylogenetic tree assay showed that CsLBD39 belonged to class II subfamily of the LBD family. CsLBD39 was highly expressed in flowers and root; we determined that its expression could be induced by nitrate treatment. The CsLBD39 protein was located in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity in yeast. Compared with the wild type, overexpression of CsLBD39 gene in Arabidopsis resulted in smaller rosettes, shorter main roots, reduced lateral roots and lower plant weights. The nitrate content and the expression levels of genes related to nitrate transport and regulation were decreased in transgenic Arabidopsis hosting CsLBD39 gene. Compared with the wild type, CsLBD39 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis had smaller cell structure of leaves, shorter diameter of stem cross section, and slender and compact cell of stem longitudinal section. Under KNO3 treatment, the contents of nitrate, anthocyanins, and chlorophyll in leaves, and the content of nitrate in roots of Arabidopsis overexpressing CsLBD39 were reduced, the expression levels of nitrate transport and regulation related genes were decreased. The results revealed that CsLBD39 may be involved in nitrate signal transduction in tea plants as a negative regulator and laid the groundwork for future studies into the mechanism of nitrate response.

1. Introduction

Nitrogen (N) is an important macronutrient necessary for the normal growth and development of higher plants [1,2]. For most plants, nitrate (NO3−) is the primary source of nitrogen and can be assimilated to nitrite, ammonium and amino acids [3]. Nitrate serves as an essential nutrient and an important signaling molecule [4]. Nitrate is the most established and probably the dominant nitrogen signal that modulates root architecture, leaf development, and anthocyanin accumulation [5,6,7]. The nitrate transport (NRT) gene families, nitrate reductase (NIA) and nitrite reductase (NIR) genes are involved in nitrate transport and assimilation [8,9]. Some studies have demonstrated that NLP, LBD, NRG, and other transcription factors play vital roles in regulating nitrate metabolism [1,10,11].
LBD (Lateral organ boundaries domain) gene family is one of the plant-specific transcription factor (TF) families. LBD TFs have a highly conserved LOB (Lateral organ boundaries) domain with about 100 amino acids and function as a regulation factor to modulate plant development and metabolic processes in plants [7,12]. The LBD proteins are divided into classes I and II [13,14]. Class I proteins contain a fully conserved CX2CX6CX3C region (zinc finger domain), a glycine-alanine-serine region (GAS) and a LX6LX3LX6L region (leucine zipper motif); while the class II proteins contain only one zinc finger domain [12]. Zinc finger domain was thought to be necessary for DNA binding, the GAS region can assist the binding of the CX2CX6CX3C region to the promoter, and the leucine zipper sequence may be involved in protein dimerization [15].
Several studies have revealed that AtLBD37/38/39 are involved in the regulation of plant nitrate metabolism and anthocyanin metabolism pathway as negative regulators [11]. MdLBD13 is a nitrate signaling factor that regulates nitrate uptake/assimilation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple [16]. Ectopic expression of OsLBD37 in Arabidopsis interferes with nitrogen metabolism, resulting in early flowering, yellow leaves and senescence [17]. Konishi and his colleagues testified that NIN-LIKE PROTEIN (NLPs) are DNA-binding proteins that bind to the nitrate-responsive cis-element (NRE) region of nitrate-responsive genes. NLPs also have effects on the expression of the nitrate-inducible regulatory factor gene LBD39 [18]. AtLBD18 binds directly to the AtEXPANSIN14 promoter and promotes the occurrence of lateral roots in Arabidopsis [19]. Similarly, AtLBD18 also promotes the formation of lateral root primordia in Arabidopsis by regulating AtEXPA17 gene [20]. Although there are many studies of LBD genes in other species, little is known about the function of LBD genes in tea plants.
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) originated in southwest of China and is now widely cultivated as a cash crop in the world [21,22]. As an evergreen leaf beverage plant, tea contains many beneficial components and is very popular among people [23]. In the process of growth and development, tea plants are vulnerable to the stress of element deficiency, resulting in the decline of tea yield and quality [24]. The nitrogen forms absorbed and utilized by tea plant are mainly ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−). As an ammonium-loving plant, the uptake of NH4+ by tea roots was significantly higher than that of NO3− [25]. At present, the research on nitrogen absorption and utilization mechanism of tea plant mainly focuses on NH4+. The reports on the molecular mechanism of NO3− uptake and utilization are limited to cloning of a few nitrate transport genes [26]. Studies on the regulatory genes in tea plant have not been reported. In-depth analysis of the regulation mechanism of NO3− absorption by tea plants is of great significance for the genetic improvement of tea plants with high nitrogen efficiency.
In this study, an LBD gene was cloned from tea plant ‘Longjing 43’ and named CsLBD39. The expression of CsLBD39 is induced by nitrate treatment. The analysis of subcellular localization, transcriptional activation activity and CsLBD39-overexpression in Arabidopsis further validated the function of CsLBD39 gene. The results of this work provided foundational knowledge for comprehending the structure and function of CsLBD39, as well as the regulation of nitrate metabolism.

2. Results

2.1. Sequence and Phylogenetic Tree Analysis of the CsLBD39

CsLBD39 was isolated from tea plant ‘Longjing 43’. Sequence analysis showed that CsLBD39 gene was 687 bp in length and encoded 228 amino acids. Multiple sequence alignments showed that CsLBD39 and other LBDs had a typical zinc finger domain (CX2 CX6CX3CX) (Figure 1A). In order to understand the classification of CsLBD39, the sequence of CsLBD39 and the LBDs of Arabidopsis were used to construct a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that CsLBD39 belongs to the class II subfamily (Figure 1B).

2.2. Relative Expression Level of CsLBD39 in Tea Plant

The transcript levels of CsLBD39 in different developmental stages and tissues were determined. The results showed that CsLBD39 gene was expressed in all tested tissues, and the expression levels were higher in flowers and roots (Figure 2A). CsLBD39 gene was affected by different concentrations of nitrate, and its expression reached the maximum at 1 mM KNO3 treatment (Figure 2B).

2.3. Subcellular Localization and Transcriptional Activation Activity Analysis of CsLBD39

Studying where a protein is expressed is essential to determine its function [27]. CLBD39 was fused with GFP to construct recombinant vector CsLBD39-GFP. The recombinant plasmid, CsLBD39-GFP, was bombarded into onion epidermal cells using the gene gun to observe the subcellular localization. The result found that pA7-GFP fluorescence signal permeated the onion cell, and CsLBD39-GFP fusion protein is expressed in the nucleus (Figure 3A).
To detect the transcriptional activation activity of CsLBD39, CsLBD39 was constructed into pGBKT7 vector containing GAL4-binding domain to obtain the yeast expression vector pGBKT7-CsLBD39. Positive control (pCL1), negative plasmid (pGBKT7), and pGBKT7-CsLBD39 were transferred into Y2H yeast receptor cells, respectively. The yeast strains transformed with pCL1 were cultured on SD/Leu− solid medium, the other two were cultured on SD/Trp− solid medium, respectively. The positive yeast screened by SD/Leu− and SD/Trp− were inoculated on SD/His−Ade− deficient medium with or without X-α-Gal, respectively. The results showed that pCL1 and pGBKT7-CsLBD39 could grow on SD/His−Ade− +X-α-Gal solid medium and showed blue color, while pGBKT7 could not grow on SD/His−Ade− +X-α-Gal solid medium, indicating that CsLBD39 had transcriptional activation activity in yeast (Figure 3B).

2.4. Overexpression of CsLBD39 in Arabidopsis

The CsLBD39 gene was inserted into pCAMBIA1301 vector carrying β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, allowing that CsLBD39 and GUS separately driven by CaMV 35S promoter, so that CsLBD39 and GUS could co-express in transgenic plants (Supplementary Figure S1A). GUS staining were performed for the identification of transgenic Arabidopsis, finding that the cotyledons and roots of 7-day-old Arabidopsis showed blue color (Supplementary Figure S1B). GUS gene was expressed in filaments, anthers, stigmas, sepals and siliques of Arabidopsis (Supplementary Figure S1D). The cDNAs of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis were amplified by PCR to further identify the expression of CsLBD39 in transgenic plants, showing that the corresponding bands could be detected in the transgenic lines (Supplementary Figure S1C). Then, the RT-qPCR assay also indicated that CsLBD39 was overexpressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants (Supplementary Figure S1E).

2.5. Changes in Fresh Weight and Roots of Transgenic Arabidopsis Overexpressing CsLBD39

Transgenic Arabidopsis was cultured in MS medium with different concentrations (0.2, 1, and 5 mM) of KNO3 for 15 days (Figure 4A). The fresh weight of transgenic lines was significantly lower than that of wild type (WT) at 1 mM and 5 mM KNO3 treatments (Figure 4B). The morphology of taproots and lateral roots of Arabidopsis were observed after 15 d (Figure 5A). The results showed that under 0.2 mM and 1 mM KNO3 treatments, the transgenic taproots were shorter than the WT (Figure 5B). Under the treatment of KNO3 at three concentrations, the number of lateral roots of transgenic Arabidopsis was less than that of the WT, especially the number of lateral roots of OE-1 was significantly lower than that of the WT (Figure 5C).

2.6. Analysis of Nitrate, Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Contents in Transgenic Arabidopsis Overexpressing CsLBD39 Gene

35-day-old Arabidopsis plant was used to test the nitrate content (Figure 6A). The nitrate content in the leaves and roots of the transgenic Arabidopsis was lower than that of the WT, especially in leaves (Figure 6B). The content of anthocyanins was affected by nitrogen stress in plants. Here, determined total anthocyanins content in transgenic Arabidopsis leaves was significantly reduced (Figure 6C). We observed that the leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis were light green and those of the WT was dark green (Figure 6A). The content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in transgenic Arabidopsis were reduced compared to the WT Arabidopsis (Figure 6D).

2.7. Expression Analysis of Nitrate Uptake and Transport-Related Genes in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Overexpressing CsLBD39 Gene

The effect of overexpression of CsLBD39 gene on the expression of nitrate transport-related genes was analyzed. As showed in Figure 7, the expression levels of several nitrate transport genes, such as AtNRT1.1, AtNRT1.4, AtNRT1.6, AtNRT1.11, AtNRT1.13, AtNRT2.7, AtNIA1, and AtNIA2 were significantly lower in transgenic Arabidopsis leaves than in the WT. Similarly, several TFs, such as AtNLP5, AtNLP6, AtNLP9, and AtLBD37, also showed a downward trend.
The expression levels of nitrate transport genes AtNRT1.1, AtNRT1.4, AtNIA2, AtNRT1.7 and nitrate response TFs AtNLP5, AtLBD37 in transgenic Arabidopsis roots were lower than WT. The expression levels of nitrate transport related genes AtNRT1.11, AtNRT2.2 and nitrate response TFs AtNLP2, AtNLP4 and AtNLP9 in transgenic Arabidopsis roots were significantly higher than WT. These results suggested that overexpression of CsLBD39 gene leads to changes in the expression of nitrate responsive genes in Arabidopsis plants.

2.8. Analysis of Nitrate, Anthocyanins and Chlorophyll Contents in Transgenic Arabidopsis Overexpressing CsLBD39 under Nitrate Treatment

A detailed summary of Arabidopsis growth and treatment conditions is shown in Figure 8A, the WT and transgenic Arabidopsis were grown in the cultivation medium for 25 d and then transferred to KCl and KNO3 hydroponic nutrient solution for seven days (Figure 8B). The nitrate content in the leaves of the transgenic lines decreased after treatment, and the nitrate content under the KNO3 treatment was higher than that under the KCl treatment at seven days (Figure 9A). The same trend was observed in roots. The nitrate content in the roots of the transgenic plants was significantly reduced after treatment for seven days, the nitrate content in Arabidopsis roots under the KNO3 treatment was higher than that under the KCl treatment (Figure 9B). Nitrogen deficiency in plants will cause stress responses, which will affect the synthesis of anthocyanins. The anthocyanins content of Arabidopsis increased at seven days of KCl treatment, and the anthocyanins accumulation of transgenic lines was lower than that of WT. After seven days of KNO3 treatment, anthocyanins content in Arabidopsis plants increased compared with 0 d of KNO3 treatment, and transgenic lines also showed lower anthocyanins accumulation in contrast to WT. The anthocyanins content of Arabidopsis plants treated with KNO3 was still lower than that treated with KCl (Figure 10A).
The Arabidopsis plants in KCl treatment group showed more yellow leaves compared to that in KNO3 treatment group. The chlorophyll contents were measured. The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in the transgenic lines were significantly lower than those in the WT plants at 0 d of the KCl or KNO3 treatment. At seven days, both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis treated with KNO3 were higher than those treated with KCl, especially the chlorophyll a is significantly increased (Figure 10B–D).

2.9. Cytological Observation on Leaves and Stems of Transgenic Arabidopsis

The transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the CsLBD39 gene showed dwarfing and small rosette leaves in this study. The cytological morphological changes were further observed and analyzed. Leaves and stems of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis treated with KCl were selected for observation. The results showed that the phloem and xylem tissues of transgenic Arabidopsis leaves were smaller than that of WT (Figure 11). This phenomenon was also observed in the stem cell section of transgenic Arabidopsis. The diameter of stem cells was shortened and the cells became significantly smaller. The longitudinal observations of the stem showed that the cells in the transgenic Arabidopsis stem were small and compact (Figure 11). Under KNO3 treatment, the results of cell sections were similar to those of under KCl treatment (Figure 12). Regardless of the leaves or stems, the cells of transgenic Arabidopsis are reduced and compact, and the diameter of the stem cross section was also smaller. The cells of stem longitudinal section become slender and denser.

2.10. The Expression Analysis of Nitrate Uptake and Transport-Related Genes in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Overexpressing CsLBD39 under Nitrate Treatment

Arabidopsis plants were cultured in KCl and KNO3 hydroponic nutrient solution for seven days and sampled for RT-qPCR experiments. As is shown in Figure 13, the expression levels of AtNRT1.1, AtNRT1.6, AtNRT2.1, AtNRT2.7, AtNLP5, AtNLP7, AtNIA2, AtLBD37, and AtLBD39 in transgenic lines were significantly lower than those in WT plants both under KCl treatment and KNO3 treatment. The expression levels of AtNRT1.2, AtNRT1.5, AtNRT1.9, AtNRT1.11, AtNRT1.13, AtNRT2.4, AtNLA, AtNLP2, and AtNLP8 genes were significantly higher in transgenic lines than those in WT plants both under KCl treatment and KNO3 treatment.
The expression levels of genes related to nitrate response in roots were different under KCl and KNO3 treatments. As is shown in Figure 14, the expression levels of AtNRT1.1, AtNRT2.1, AtNRT2.2, AtNLP5, AtNLP7, AtNLP8, and AtNLP9 in Arabidopsis roots of KCl treatment group were different from that of KNO3 treatment group, that is, the expression levels of these genes in transgenic lines were lower than those in WT plants under KCl treatment, whereas the results were opposite under KNO3 treatment. The expression levels of AtNRT1.4, AtNRT1.5, AtNRT1.7, and AtNRT2.7 were decreased in transgenic lines than in WT under KNO3 treatment, and the opposite results were found under KCl treatment.

3. Discussion

As one of the main nutrients required by plants, nitrogen regulates many aspects of plant growth, development and metabolism. In some higher plants, inorganic nitrogen is mainly composed of two forms, NO3− and NH4+, and nitrate is the preferential nitrogen source for most higher plants [28,29]. In tea plants, the absorption rate of ammonium nitrogen is higher than that of nitrate nitrogen [25]. The excessive application of ammonium nitrogen will cause soil acidification. Therefore, the research on the absorption and utilization of nitrate is also particularly important. The remobilization of nitrate between different organs is mainly mediated by nitrate transporters (NRTs) [30,31,32]. Previous studies have reported that overexpression of the AtLBD TF genes suppressed the expression of NRT and NR genes, thus controlling N utilization in Arabidopsis [11]. However, the LBD TFs that regulate nitrate-responsive genes in tea plants have not been studied so far. Searching for LBD TFs that regulate nitrate uptake and assimilation in tea plants is helpful for future molecular breeding in relevant fields.
LBD TFs play significant roles in plant growth, development, and metabolism [11,33,34]. Based on previous studies, LBD is classified as class I and class II [13]. In this work, sequence analysis showed that CsLBD39 belonged to class II subfamily of the LBDs and was homologous to AtLBD39 in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis, the expression of class II LBD genes, LBD37/LBD38/LBD39, are induced by nitrogen or glutamine [11]. Overexpression of LBD37/LBD38/LBD39 genes inhibited the expression of NRT and NR genes, and changed the contents of nitrogen, nitrate and amino acids [11]. In this study, the expression of CsLBD39 was induced by nitrate, the nitrate content was reduced, and the expression of NRT genes related to nitrate transport were inhibited in transgenic plants overexpressing CsLBD39. A similar phenomenon was found in apples, overexpression of MdLBD13 altered the nitrate content and the expression of genes related to N metabolism in apple and Arabidopsis [16]. Studies have shown that AtLBD16, AtLBD29, and AtLBD18 regulate the formation of lateral roots [35,36]. The plant weight and root length of Arabidopsis overexpressing CsLBD39 gene were changed under different KNO3 treatments. Overexpressing CsLBD39 gene in Arabidopsis altered the root morphology under KNO3 treatment. These results suggested that CsLBD39 may act as a regulator to modulate the growth and development of plants under KNO3 treatment.
Yordanov and Busov proposed a mechanism model for the regulation of LBD in secondary woody growth, that is, PtaLBD1 and PtaLBD4 are expressed at the cambium/phloem boundary, could regulate secondary phloem development by inhibiting the expression of ARBORKNOX1 and ARBORKNOX2 genes, and could activate APL and other genes transcription to promote phloem development [37,38]. In Eucalyptus grandis, overexpression of EgLBD37 gene resulted in some changes in the phenotype of the transgenic plants, namely, the plant became taller, the leaves became larger, the length of the internodes increased, the diameter of the stem increased, the total width of the cortical area and the xylem components of the secondary xylem increased significantly [39]. In contrast, the most pronounced phenotype of the EgLBD29 transgenic plants was that all transgenic lines exhibited smaller plant height, reduced internode length and declined leaf size [39]. Similar reports have been found in this study, overexpression of the CsLBD39 gene in Arabidopsis resulted in smaller and dwarf plants. Changes in plant phenotypes can cause cytological changes [40]. Further observation and analysis of cytological morphological changes in leaves and stems of transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing CsLBD39 gene found that the diameter of transgenic Arabidopsis stems was shortened and the cells in leaf and stem sections were smaller. These results suggested that CsLBD39 can affect plant growth and development.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials, Growth Conditions

Tea plant cultivar ‘Longjing 43’ and wild type Arabidopsis ‘Columbia’ were selected as materials. ‘Longjing 43’ was planted in artificial climate room of the State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement of Nanjing Agricultural University. The condition of artificial climate room was 25/18 °C and 16/8 h of light/dark, with 70% relative humidity. The growing medium of tea plants is a mixture of peat, vermiculite and perlite (3:2:1; v/v). Arabidopsis plants was grown in the illumination incubator with the environment of 22/18 °C and 14/10 h of light/dark, as well as 70% relative humidity. The growing medium is a mixture of nutrient soil, vermiculite and perlite (18:6:1; v/v).
The young leaves (YL), mature leaves (ML), old leaves (OL), stems, flowers and roots of healthy tea plant with semblable physiological conditions were collected to analyze the expression of CsLBD39 gene. One-year-old tea plant cuttings were transferred into a total nutrient solution as described by Zhang et al. [26]. The tea plants were cultivated for six weeks of normal N supply (2 mM). Subsequently, the tea plants were placed in a culture medium (without N, as CK) for 10 days, and then transferred to different KNO3 treatments with 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mM. The tea roots treated with different KNO3 concentrations as mentioned above were collected after 2 h, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C for RT-qPCR tests. All samples were set up for three biological replicates.

4.2. RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis

The total RNA of tea plant and Arabidopsis samples were extracted using RNA extraction kit (Huayueyang, China; Pudi, China), and then the total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using the HiScript II Q RT SuperMix for qPCR kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China).

4.3. Isolation and Bioinformatics Analysis of CsLBD39

The sequence of CsLBD39 was downloaded from Tea Plant Information Archive (TPIA) (http://tpia.teaplant.org/index.html) (accessed on 17 January 2020) database [41]. The gene was cloned from ‘Longjing 43’ by a pair of primers (forward: 5′-ATGAGTTGCAATGGATGTCG-3′ and reverse: 5′-TCAGGTGAACAAGTTTAGAAG-3′) through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR product was first linked to the pMD19-T vector and then sequenced. Homologous LBD protein sequences and others were obtained using NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (accessed on 2 April 2020) and Plant TFDB (http://planttfdb.gao-lab.org/index.php) (accessed on 2 April 2020). The MUSCLE program of MEGA 5 was used to carry out multiple alignments of protein sequences, and then phylogenetic trees were generated by the Neighbor-Joining method [42].

4.4. Subcellular Localization of CsLBD39

To confirm subcellular localization of CsLBD39, a pair of specific primers (forward: 5′-CACCATCACCATCACGCCATGATGAGTTGCAATGGATGTCG-3′ and reverse: 5′-CACTAGTACGTCGACCATGGCGGTGAACAAGTTTAGAAG-3′) was used to clone CsLBD39 without stop codon. The PCR product was inserted into pA7 vector via Nco I site. Subsequently, the fusion construct (35S:CsLBD39-GFP) was generated. The 35S:CsLBD39-GFP plasmid and the pA7 plasmid were separately bombarded into the onion epidermal cells (PDS-1000, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and then placed on MS medium in the dark condition [43]. After 14 h, the GFP expression signals was observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss, Germany) and photographed.

4.5. Transcriptional Activation Activity Analysis of CsLBD39

To verify the transcriptional activation activity of CsLBD39, a pair of specific primers (forward: 5′-ATGGCCATGGAGGCCGAATTCATGAGTTGCAATGGATGTCG-3′ and reverse: 5′-ATGCGGCCGCTGCAGGTCGACTCAGGTGAACAAGTTTAGAAG-3′) were used to clone CsLBD39. The PCR product was insert into the pGBKT7 vector via EcoR I and Sal I sites to generate a recombinant construct (pGBKT7-CsLBD39). Subsequently, the empty vector (pGBKT7, as the negative control), pCL1 plasmid (as the positive control), and pGBKT7-CsLBD39 were transformed into yeast strain Y2H, respectively. The yeast strains transformed with pCL1 plasmid was cultured on SD/Leu− medium, while the yeast strains hosing pGBKT7-CsLBD39 or pGBKT7 were cultured on SD/Trp− medium, respectively. After 3 d, positive clones were selected and inoculated on SD/His−Ade− medium containing X-α-gal to examine whether they turned blue.

4.6. Overexpression Plasmid Construction and Transformation

The full length CsLBD39 ORF was cloned using a pair of specific primers (forward: 5′-TTTACAATTACCATGGGATCCATGAGTTGCAATGGATGTCG-3′ and reverse: 5′-ACCGATGATACGAACGAGCTCTCAGGTGAACAAGTTTAGAAG-3′) and insert into the Sac I and BamH I sites of pCAMBIA1301 vector that containing the β-glucosidase (GUS) gene to construct the recombinant plasmid pCAMBIA1301-CsLBD39. The expression of CsLBD39 and GUS genes was driven by the 35S promoter, respectively. Simply put, the recombinant plasmid pCAMBIA1301-CsLBD39 was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101. The Arabidopsis was transformed by A. tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation using flower dipping method [44]. Transgenic Arabidopsis was screened on 1/2 MS medium containing hygromycin and carbenicillin. The transgenic lines were verified by GUS staining and PCR amplification tests.

4.7. Nitrate Treatment Conditions in Arabidopsis

WT and transgenic Arabidopsis seeds were plated on MS solid medium. The MS plate was placed in an illumination incubator for cultivation. Arabidopsis seedlings grown in MS medium for seven days were transferred to the cultivation medium. One month later, part of the plants was transferred to nutrient solution containing 1 mM KNO3 for seven days, and the other part was transferred to nitrogen free nutrient solution for seven days, KCl was used to control the difference in K+ concentration. Arabidopsis leaves after treatment were collected for RT-qPCR assay, anthocyanins, chlorophyll and nitrate contents determination. Arabidopsis roots were collected for RT-qPCR assay and nitrate contents determination.
MS nitrogen-free medium was purchased from PhytoTech LABS [45]. KNO3 was used as the sole nitrogen source. The final concentrations of adding KNO3 in MS nitrogen-free medium were 0.2 mM, 1 mM, and 5 mM. KCl with final concentrations of 4.8 mM, 4 mM, and 0 mM was added to MS nitrogen-free medium to supplement the corresponding concentration of K+. The seeds of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis were placed on the above-mentioned MS medium to evaluate the effects of KNO3 treatments at different concentrations on Arabidopsis plant fresh weight and root length.

4.8. Measurement of the Nitrate Content

WT and transgenic Arabidopsis were planted in a mixed substrate. 35-day-old Arabidopsis leaves and roots were collected for determination of nitrate content.
Briefly, 0.2 g of freeze-dried sample was added with deionized water and the mixture was boiled and centrifuged. The obtained supernatant was transferred into a new centrifuge tube, and salicylic acid-sulfuric acid solution was first added to mix, and then NaOH solution was added to react, cooling the reaction liquid to room temperature. The absorbance of reaction mixture was measured using microplate reader (Spectramax ID5) at 410 nm [1]. Three replicates were conducted.

4.9. Determination of Chlorophyll

WT and transgenic Arabidopsis were planted in a mixed substrate. 35-day-old Arabidopsis leaves were collected for determination of chlorophyll content.
The extraction and determination of chlorophyll (Chl) were carried out with reference to previous studies [46]. Briefly, the leaves are cut into pieces, 0.1 g fresh leaves added with 10 mL of the mixed extract (95% acetone: ethanol: distilled water = 4.5:4.5:1) and soaked in the dark for 24 h until the leaves turn completely white. The mixed extract was used as a blank control, the absorbance was measured by Spectramax ID5 at 645 nm and 663 nm, respectively. Three replicates were conducted.

4.10. Determination of Anthocyanins

WT and transgenic Arabidopsis were planted in a mixed substrate and grown to 35 d of age, and leaves were collected for determination of anthocyanins content.
The total content of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis leaves was determined by methanol-HCl method, as described in previous studies [47]. The absorbance was measured using Spectramax ID5 at 530, 620, and 650 nm. The relative anthocyanins concentration was calculated according to the formula. Each sample contains three independent biological replicates.

4.11. Histochemical Staining

Cytological observation was conducted according to the method described by Han with slightly modification [48,49]. The samples of leaves and stems are fixed and dehydrated, and then cut into slices with ultramicrotome (Leica, Weztlar, German). Generated slices were treated with multiple steps, including stained with safranin-O, washed with water, discolored with alcohol, and quick-dyed with green dye. Pictures was shot using a charge coupled device (CCD) camera.

4.12. Gene Expression Analysis

CsGAPDH and CsTBP were selected as reference genes [41,50], to explore the expression pattern of CsLBD39 gene in different tissues and nitrate response. The expression levels of nitrate-responsive genes in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis were also analyzed. AtSAND and AtActin2 were used as reference genes. RT-qPCR primers were consulted to previous studies and listed in Supplementary Table S1 [1,10,11,16,51,52]. RT-qPCR test was performed with 20 μL reaction mixtures using Hieff qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Yeasen, Shanghai, China) on CFX96 system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The relative expressions of genes were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method. Three separate biological replicates were set.

4.13. Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 software. The difference significance of gene expression levels in tea plant were detected by Duncan’s multiple-range test at a 0.05 probability. The statistical differences of data between WT and transgenic Arabidopsis were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and indicated by asterisks (*) (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, a novel transcription factor, named as CsLBD39, was identified from ‘Longjing 43’. CsLBD39 is an LBD Class II transcription factor. Subcellular localization, transcriptional activation, and overexpression in Arabidopsis were performed to confirm its function. Overexpression of CsLBD39 decreased the nitrate content and the expression of nitrate transport-related genes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. These results provided evidence that CsLBD39 may play a negative regulatory factor in the nitrate response pathway of tea plants.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms23169294/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: J.Z. and R.-M.T.; Performed the experiments: R.-M.T., N.Y., J.-W.L., C.-F.L., T.L., Y.-H.W. and Y.C.; Analyzed the data: R.-M.T., N.Y., J.-W.L., Y.-H.W. and A.-S.X.; Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: J.Z. and R.-M.T.; Wrote the paper: R.-M.T.; Revised the paper: J.Z., A.-S.X. and R.-M.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financed by the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF, CX (20) 3114), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31870681), Provincial Policy Guidance Program North Jiangsu Science and Technology Special Project (SZ-LYG202126), and Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Project (PAPD).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

In this section, transcriptional data, physiological and anatomic metabolic data were measured by the authors themselves.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Figure 1. Bioinformatics analysis of the CsLBD39 protein sequence. (A) Multiple sequence alignments among CsLBD39 and other LBDs from Arabidopsis. The conserved DNA-binding domain is indicated by black asterisk. (B) Phylogenetic tree of CsLBD39 and AtLBDs from Arabidopsis. Red circle represented CsLBD39.
Figure 1. Bioinformatics analysis of the CsLBD39 protein sequence. (A) Multiple sequence alignments among CsLBD39 and other LBDs from Arabidopsis. The conserved DNA-binding domain is indicated by black asterisk. (B) Phylogenetic tree of CsLBD39 and AtLBDs from Arabidopsis. Red circle represented CsLBD39.
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Figure 2. The relative expression of CsLBD39 in tea plant. (A) The relative expression levels of CsLBD39 in different developmental stages and tissues. (B) The relative expression levels of CsLBD39 in the root after adding 0.1, 1, 10 mM KNO3 to N-limited tea plant seedlings. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three replicates (n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.
Figure 2. The relative expression of CsLBD39 in tea plant. (A) The relative expression levels of CsLBD39 in different developmental stages and tissues. (B) The relative expression levels of CsLBD39 in the root after adding 0.1, 1, 10 mM KNO3 to N-limited tea plant seedlings. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three replicates (n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.
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Figure 3. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation activity of CsLBD39. (A) Subcellular localization of CsLBD39 in onion epidermal cells. Scale bars = 50 μm. (B) Transcriptional activation activity of CsLBD39 in yeast.
Figure 3. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation activity of CsLBD39. (A) Subcellular localization of CsLBD39 in onion epidermal cells. Scale bars = 50 μm. (B) Transcriptional activation activity of CsLBD39 in yeast.
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Figure 4. Analysis of fresh weight in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis hosting CsLBD39 gene under KNO3 treatment. (A) The phenotypes of the 15-day-old plants under different KNO3 conditions. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Fresh weight of the 15-day-old plants under different KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05).
Figure 4. Analysis of fresh weight in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis hosting CsLBD39 gene under KNO3 treatment. (A) The phenotypes of the 15-day-old plants under different KNO3 conditions. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Fresh weight of the 15-day-old plants under different KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05).
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Figure 5. Analysis of roots in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis hosting CsLBD39 gene under KNO3 treatment. (A) The phenotypes of the 15-day-old plants on vertical plates containing different concentrations of KNO3. Bar = 1 cm. (B) The primary root length (C) and numbers of lateral roots of the plants under different KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05).
Figure 5. Analysis of roots in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis hosting CsLBD39 gene under KNO3 treatment. (A) The phenotypes of the 15-day-old plants on vertical plates containing different concentrations of KNO3. Bar = 1 cm. (B) The primary root length (C) and numbers of lateral roots of the plants under different KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05).
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Figure 6. Phenotype and nitrate, anthocyanins, chlorophyll contents of transgenic Arabidopsis plant hosting CsLBD39 gene. (A) The phenotypes of the 35-day-old transgenic Arabidopsis and WT plants. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Nitrate, (C) total anthocyanins, and (D) chlorophyll contents of 35-day-old transgenic Arabidopsis and WT plants. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
Figure 6. Phenotype and nitrate, anthocyanins, chlorophyll contents of transgenic Arabidopsis plant hosting CsLBD39 gene. (A) The phenotypes of the 35-day-old transgenic Arabidopsis and WT plants. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Nitrate, (C) total anthocyanins, and (D) chlorophyll contents of 35-day-old transgenic Arabidopsis and WT plants. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
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Figure 7. The expression levels of nitrate response related genes in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). AtSAND was used as reference gene. Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
Figure 7. The expression levels of nitrate response related genes in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). AtSAND was used as reference gene. Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
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Figure 8. Effects of KCl and KNO3 treatments on growth of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (A) Graphical abstract of the growth conditions of Arabidopsis. (B) The phenotypes of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis, (a) treats for 0 d, (b) KCl treatment for seven days, (c) KNO3 treatment for seven days, Bar = 1 cm.
Figure 8. Effects of KCl and KNO3 treatments on growth of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (A) Graphical abstract of the growth conditions of Arabidopsis. (B) The phenotypes of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis, (a) treats for 0 d, (b) KCl treatment for seven days, (c) KNO3 treatment for seven days, Bar = 1 cm.
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Figure 9. Analysis of nitrate contents in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl and KNO3 conditions. (A) The nitrate contents in leaves. (B) The nitrate contents in roots. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
Figure 9. Analysis of nitrate contents in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl and KNO3 conditions. (A) The nitrate contents in leaves. (B) The nitrate contents in roots. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
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Figure 10. Analysis of anthocyanins and chlorophyll contents in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl and KNO3 conditions. (A) The total anthocyanins contents of leaves in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis under KCl and KNO3 conditions. (B) The contents of chlorophyll a (C) chlorophyll b, and (D) total chlorophyll of leaves in transgenic and WT Arabidopsis under KCl and KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
Figure 10. Analysis of anthocyanins and chlorophyll contents in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl and KNO3 conditions. (A) The total anthocyanins contents of leaves in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis under KCl and KNO3 conditions. (B) The contents of chlorophyll a (C) chlorophyll b, and (D) total chlorophyll of leaves in transgenic and WT Arabidopsis under KCl and KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
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Figure 11. Histochemical staining sections of leaves and stems from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl treatment. (A–C) Histochemical staining of leaves from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (D–F) Histochemical staining of stem cross sections from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (G–I) Histochemical staining of stem longitudinal sections from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. ep, epidermis; ph, phloem; xy, xylem. Scale bar = 100 μm.
Figure 11. Histochemical staining sections of leaves and stems from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl treatment. (A–C) Histochemical staining of leaves from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (D–F) Histochemical staining of stem cross sections from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (G–I) Histochemical staining of stem longitudinal sections from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. ep, epidermis; ph, phloem; xy, xylem. Scale bar = 100 μm.
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Figure 12. Histochemical staining sections of leaves and stems from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KNO3 treat condition. (A–C) Histochemical staining of leaves from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (D–F) Histochemical staining of stem cross sections from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (G–I) Histochemical staining of stem longitudinal sections from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. ep, epidermis; ph, phloem; xy, xylem. Scale bar = 100 μm.
Figure 12. Histochemical staining sections of leaves and stems from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KNO3 treat condition. (A–C) Histochemical staining of leaves from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (D–F) Histochemical staining of stem cross sections from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. (G–I) Histochemical staining of stem longitudinal sections from WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene. ep, epidermis; ph, phloem; xy, xylem. Scale bar = 100 μm.
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Figure 13. The expression levels of nitrate response related genes in leaves of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl and KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
Figure 13. The expression levels of nitrate response related genes in leaves of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl and KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
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Figure 14. The expression levels of nitrate response related genes in roots of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl and KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
Figure 14. The expression levels of nitrate response related genes in roots of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants hosting CsLBD39 gene under KCl and KNO3 conditions. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three biological replicates (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate that the value is significant difference compared to the WT (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
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Teng, R.-M.; Yang, N.; Li, J.-W.; Liu, C.-F.; Chen, Y.; Li, T.; Wang, Y.-H.; Xiong, A.-S.; Zhuang, J. Isolation and Characterization of an LBD Transcription Factor CsLBD39 from Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) and Its Roles in Modulating Nitrate Content by Regulating Nitrate-Metabolism-Related Genes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169294

AMA Style

Teng R-M, Yang N, Li J-W, Liu C-F, Chen Y, Li T, Wang Y-H, Xiong A-S, Zhuang J. Isolation and Characterization of an LBD Transcription Factor CsLBD39 from Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) and Its Roles in Modulating Nitrate Content by Regulating Nitrate-Metabolism-Related Genes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(16):9294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169294

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teng, Rui-Min, Ni Yang, Jing-Wen Li, Chun-Fang Liu, Yi Chen, Tong Li, Ya-Hui Wang, Ai-Sheng Xiong, and Jing Zhuang. 2022. "Isolation and Characterization of an LBD Transcription Factor CsLBD39 from Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) and Its Roles in Modulating Nitrate Content by Regulating Nitrate-Metabolism-Related Genes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16: 9294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169294

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