Senescence Markers in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Senescent Mark in Frontal and Hippocampal Cells of AD Patients
2.2. Senescent Mark in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Subjects
4.2. Neuropathological Samples
4.3. Staining of Lipofuscin
4.4. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Isolation
4.5. β-Galactosidase Activity
4.6. G0-G1 Phase Cell-Cycle Arrest
4.7. p16 and p53 Expression
4.8. RNA Isolation and PCR Analysis
4.9. ELISA
4.10. γH2AX Immunocytochemistry
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Healthy Controls n = 26 | aMCI n = 22 | AD n = 12 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean ± SE (range) | 75.6 ± 1.8 (65–85) | 77.2 ± 1.5 (63–93) | 77.5 ± 1.9 (72–89) | =0.590 |
Female sex, (%) | 17 (68.0) | 16 (72.7) | 11 (91.7) | =0.232 |
Education (years) | 12.5 ± 1.0 | 10.1 ± 1.1 | 10.3 ± 1.5 | =0.220 |
MoCA test score (mean ± SE) | 28.2 ± 0.4 | 19.8 ± 0.9 | 11.8 ± 1.6 | p< 0.0001 (Ctr vs. aMCI and Ctr vs. AD); p = 0.065 (aMCI vs. AD) |
AD8 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | p< 0.0001 (Ctr vs. aMCI and Ctr vs. AD); p = 0.186 (aMCI vs. AD) |
CDR-SOB | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | p< 0.0001 (Ctr vs. aMCI and Ctr vs. AD); p = 0.017 (aMCI vs. AD) |
CDR 0 (number of patients) | 26 | 0 | 0 | p< 0.0001 CDR0 vs. CDR > 0 |
CDR 0.5 (number of patients) | 0 | 22 | 0 | |
CDR 1 (number of patients) | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
CDR 2 (number of patients) | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
CDR 3 (number of patients) | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
Diabetes/Insulin Resistance, n (%) | 6 (22.2) | 5 (25.0) | 3 (25.0) | =0.988 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 19 (72.2) | 9 (45.0) | 4 (33.3) | =0.025 (ctr vs. MCI and Ctr vs. AD) |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 7 (27.8) | 9 (47.4) | 6 (50.0) | =0.340 |
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Salech, F.; SanMartín, C.D.; Concha-Cerda, J.; Romero-Hernández, E.; Ponce, D.P.; Liabeuf, G.; Rogers, N.K.; Murgas, P.; Bruna, B.; More, J.; et al. Senescence Markers in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169387
Salech F, SanMartín CD, Concha-Cerda J, Romero-Hernández E, Ponce DP, Liabeuf G, Rogers NK, Murgas P, Bruna B, More J, et al. Senescence Markers in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(16):9387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169387
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalech, Felipe, Carol D. SanMartín, Jorge Concha-Cerda, Esteban Romero-Hernández, Daniela P. Ponce, Gianella Liabeuf, Nicole K. Rogers, Paola Murgas, Bárbara Bruna, Jamileth More, and et al. 2022. "Senescence Markers in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16: 9387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169387