Next Article in Journal
Optimized Apamin-Mediated Nano-Lipidic Carrier Potentially Enhances the Cytotoxicity of Ellagic Acid against Human Breast Cancer Cells
Previous Article in Journal
Efficient Anchoring of Erianthus arundinaceus Chromatin Introgressed into Sugarcane by Specific Molecular Markers
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 23
Issue 16
10.3390/ijms23169439
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Overexpression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 Transcription Factors from Pomegranate Enhances Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis under the Promoter Activity Positively Regulated by PgICE1

by
Lei Wang
†,
Sa Wang
†,
Ruiran Tong
,
Sen Wang
,
Jianan Yao
,
Jian Jiao
,
Ran Wan
,
Miaomiao Wang
,
Jiangli Shi
* and
Xianbo Zheng
*
College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169439
Submission received: 8 July 2022 / Revised: 16 August 2022 / Accepted: 18 August 2022 / Published: 21 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Cold stress limits plant growth, development and yields, and the C-repeat binding factors (CBFs) function in the cold resistance in plants. However, how pomegranate CBF transcription factors respond to cold signal remains unclear. Considering the significantly up-regulated expression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 in cold-tolerant Punica granatum ‘Yudazi’ in comparison with cold-sensitive ‘Tunisia’ under 4 °C, the present study focused on the two CBF genes. PgCBF3 was localized in the nucleus, while PgCBF7 was localized in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, both owning transcriptional activation activity in yeast. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assay further confirmed that PgICE1 could specifically bind to and significantly enhance the activation activity of the promoters of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7. Compared with the wild-type plants, the PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines had the higher survival rate after cold treatment; exhibited increased the contents of soluble sugar and proline, while lower electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, and reactive oxygen species production, accompanying with elevated enzyme activity of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase; and upregulated the expression of AtCOR15A, AtCOR47, AtRD29A, and AtKIN1. Collectively, PgCBFs were positively regulated by the upstream PgICE1 and mediated the downstream COR genes expression, thereby enhancing freezing tolerance.

1. Introduction

Among various environmental stresses, cold stress as a common abiotic stress adversely affects plant growth and development, even survivability, and significantly restricts the geographical distribution of plants and agricultural productivity [1,2]. It is estimated that the loss of 51–82% of annual crop yield was attributed to extreme cold stress globally [3]. Cold stress causes cell membrane lipid peroxidation, decreases cell membrane fluidity, impairs photosynthesis, correspondingly leading to the accumulation of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar, and proline [2,4,5]. Furthermore, the stability of the cell membrane system is positively correlated with the cold resistance of plants [6].
Plants have developed complex biochemical and physiological mechanisms and a flexible transcriptional network regulated by a series of transcription factors to adapt to cold stress. At present, ICE (Inducer of CBF Expression)-CBF/DREB1(C-Repeat Binding Factor/DRE Binding Factor1)-COR (cold-regulated genes) is the clearest and most pivotal regulation pathway of cold adaptation at the plant transcription level [7]. ICE1, as a transcription activator of CBFs, attaches to MYC elements in the promoter of the downstream target CBF genes, thus increasing CBFs transcript [8,9]. CBFs, also known as DREB1, are critical for cold acclimation in higher plants [10], and regulate COR gene expressions via recognizing the CRT/DRE cis-element in the COR promoter under cold stress [1,11]. The CBFs are APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factors. Growing reports have proved that CBF transcription factors play important roles in plant cold tolerance, and are extensively elucidated in model plant Arabidopsis [10,12,13,14]. Heterology expression of AtCBF1 enhanced the freezing tolerance in potato [15] and tomato [16]. Importantly, CBFs are isolated in some horticulture plants, which can enhance the cold tolerance under cold stress, such as lettuce [17], plum blossom [18], tea [19], longan [20], grapevine [21,22,23], apple [24], sweet cherry [25], peach [26], almond [27], and so on. Additionally, longan DlCBF1, DlCBF2, and DlCBF3 exhibited differences in the expression and function in the cold-sensitive plant species, and their overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced cold tolerance accompanied with the upregulated expression of AtRD29A, AtCOR15A, AtCOR47, and AtKIN1, as well as increasing proline accumulation and reducing ROS accumulation [20,28]. Two potato CBF1 and StCBF1 from a frost-sensitive potato variety and ScCBF1 from a stronger frost-resistance potato variety, also influences plant growth and development, leading to the dwarf phenotype, and ScCBF1 exhibited a stronger tolerance than StCBF1 [29]. Additionally, the overexpression of Arabidopsis DREB1 and CBF3 caused dwarfed phenotypes [28,30]. Two almond PdCBF1 and PdCBF2 were transiently induced by abscisic acid and drought treatments, except for the involvement in cold response [27]. The overexpression of Jatropha curcas CBF2 improved drought stress in Nicotiana benthamiana [31]. Regrettably, the available information to explain CBF cold stress response signaling pathway in pomegranate was very poorly reported.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is regarded as a ‘miracle fruit’ due to its high nutritional value and medicinal uses [32,33]. At present, pomegranate is grown commercially in China, India, Spain, the United States, and Iran [34]. Freezing injury has become one of the most crucial limiting factors in commercial pomegranate production, as pomegranate plants do not survive long below −15 °C [35]. Currently, the research on the pomegranate cold tolerance mainly focused on the pomegranate fruit during cold storage [36,37,38,39]. However, little research has been reported on the molecular mechanism of cold resistance in pomegranate. Considering that the CBF signaling pathway is still poorly understood in pomegranate, in the present study, two CBF transcription factors were identified and characterized from a cold-tolerant P. granatum cultivar ‘Yudazi’, which aimed to elucidate the potential mechanism of the CBF signaling pathway to improve the cold tolerance in pomegranate.

2. Results

2.1. Screening and Analyzing the Candidate CBF Genes

Potential CBF proteins were identified in pomegranate genome databases by their homology with Arabidopsis. Seven PgCBF genes were distributed on two chromosomes (Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 4) in pomegranate and named according to their positions on the chromosomes in the pomegranate genome (Figure 1a). Here, the comparison of expression patterns of CBFs from two pomegranate cultivars was investigated under 4 ℃ by qRT-PCR method. The results indicate that the expressions of PgCBF3, PgCBF4, PgCBF6, and PgCBF7 were higher in ‘Yudazi’ than in ‘Tunisia’, especially for PgCBF3 and PgCBF7, showing significant differences. Moreover, PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transcript abundance both peaked at 4 h after cold treatment (Figure 1b). Accordingly, the genes PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 located at Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 4 were selected as the candidate genes in this study (Figure 1a).
As shown in Figure 1c, PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 had tissue-specificity expression in six tissues from ‘Yudazi’ with tissue specificity. The expression of PgCBF3 revealed to be the highest in leaves, followed by the roots, and the lowest in seeds and peel. The expression of PgCBF7 also revealed to be the highest in leaves, followed by the aril and stem, and the lowest in seeds (Figure 1c).
The ORF sequences of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 were obtained, 714 bp and 699 bp, encoding 237 and 232 amino acids, respectively (Figure S1). An alignment of the amino acid sequences of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 with other species CBFs showed that PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 proteins contained the AP2 domain presented and DSAWR CBF signature motif (Figure 2a). PgCBF3 had a high homology with Betula platyphylla CBF3 (47.95%) and AtCBF3 (46.15%), while PgCBF7 had a high sequence similarity with Eucalyptus globulus CBF3 (58.65%) and AtCBF3 (53.85%) (Figure 2a). The sequence homology between PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 was 40.86% (Figure 2a). The phylogenetic relationship demonstrated that PgCBF3 had a close relationship Hordeum vulgare CBF3, while PgCBF7 did with EgCBF3 (Figure 2b).

2.2. Subcellular Localization and Transcriptional Activity Analysis of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7

In order to explore the function of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7, the recombinant vectors pCAMBIA2300-35S-PgCBF3-GFP and pCAMBIA2300-35S-PgCBF7-GFP were transiently transformed into tobacco leaves. The results demonstrate that 35S::PgCBF3-GFP was located in the nucleus, 35S::PgCBF7-GFP was located in the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm, while 35S:: GFP was located in the whole cell (Figure 3a). As shown in Figure 3b, the yeast stains harboring pGBKT7-PgCBF3 and pGBKT7-PgCBF7 both grew normally on SD/-Trp-Leu-His-Ade medium with X-α-gal and turned to blue, indicating that PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 functioned as a transcription activator in yeast.

2.3. Validation of Activation Activity of PgICE1 on the Promoters of PgCBF3/PgCBF7

In view of the fact that a bHLH-type transcription factor AtICE1 positively regulated the expression of CBFs in the cold, PgICE1 gene was cloned from P. granatum ‘Yudazi’, and its protein sequence showed a higher homology with ICE1 proteins from other species, sharing 49.81% of amino acid identity with AtICE1 (Figure S2a), and clustered into the same clade with EgICE1 and SoICE1 (Syzygium oleosum) (Figure S2b).
In order to explore the relationship of PgICE1 on PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 promoters, the promoter sequences of PgCBF3 (1991 bp) and PgCBF7 (2000 bp) from P. granatum ‘Yudazi’ were analyzed (Figure S3). Using PlantCARE, some cis-acting elements were found in the promoters of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7, both including LTR (cis-acting element involved in low-temperature responsiveness), MYC recognition sequences which ICE1 specifically binds to, along with ABRE and MBS (Figure S3). In addition, the PgICE1 expression was also induced by low temperature, significantly higher in cold-tolerant cultivar ‘Yudazi’ than in cold-sensitive cultivar ‘Tunisia’, especially at 12 h after cold treatment (Figure 4a), which demonstrated that PgICE1 as well as PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 all expressed at a higher level in ‘Yudazi’ under low temperature.
The binding of PgICE1 to the promoters of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 were verified by yeast one-hybrid technology, indicating that PgICE1 induced the activity of the promoters of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7, respectively (Figure 4b). Furthermore, PgICE1 had a stronger activation effect on the promoter sequences of the promoters of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7, based on the dual-LUC reporter assay (Figure 4c,d).

2.4. Overexpression of PgCBF3/PgCBF7 Enhanced Freezing Tolerance in A. thaliana

To further explore the potential function of PgCBFs in plants, the overexpression vectors were transformed into A. thaliana. After PCR validation, three transgenic PgCBF3-OE lines and two transgenic PgCBF7-OE lines were obtained (Figure 5a,b). We found that the survival rate of PgCBF3-OE plants and PgCBF7-OE plants reached 80.9% and 79.2%, respectively, which is higher than 45.5% in the wild-type plants at 1 h after −2 °C treatment (Figure 5c–f). Moreover, we examined whether the freezing tolerance of the transgenic PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 plants was regulated by CBF genes under both NA and CA conditions. The results demonstrated that chlorophyll fluorescence was weaker in the leaves from the CA and NA groups than in the controls (Figure 6a). Additionally, the Fv/Fm values reduced after CA and NA treatment, but was higher in the transgenic PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 plants than in the wild-type plants (Figure 6b). Collectively, PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 genes may improve the freezing tolerance in the transgenic A. thaliana plants.
Subsequently, the physiological and biochemical indices were investigated between wild-type and transgenic plants under freezing stress, including the accumulation of ROS, O2-, and H2O2. As shown in Figure 6c,d, the DAB and NBT staining revealed that a lighter color appeared in transgenic and wild-type Arabidopsis plants before freezing treatment, without obvious difference. However, after CA and NA treatments, more brown or blue plaques distributed on the leaves from the wild-type ones, suggesting that less ROS accumulation presented in the transgenic lines than the wild-type plants under freezing stress. Furthermore, electrolyte leakage and MDA content were also lower in the transgenic plants than in wild-type plants after CA and NA treatments (Figure 6e,f). These results suggested that the heterologous expression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 in A. thaliana protected the integrity of cell membrane and reduced oxidation damage, which is beneficial for freezing tolerance.
Generally, proline and soluble sugars are considered important compatible solutes in response to cold treatment. In the current study, the contents of proline and soluble sugars were significantly higher in PgCBF3-OE and PgCBF7-OE lines than in wild-type plants after −6 °C treatment (Figure 7a,b). The enzyme activities of SOD, POD, and CAT are also used to evaluate the freezing tolerance. It was found that they significantly accumulated in transgenic plants (PgCBF3-OE and PgCBF7-OE lines) after −6 °C treatment (Figure 7c–e). Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis supported the finding, as the expression of AtCOR15A, AtCOR47, AtRD29A, and AtKIN1 were all higher in the PgCBF3-OE and PgCBF7-OE lines than in the wild-type plants after cold treatment (Figure 8). In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that the overexpression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 in A. thaliana enhances cold tolerance, which was likely via the increasing expression of four cold-responsive genes.

3. Discussion

For perennial fruit trees, the cold tolerance is a determinant factor for survival, especially in fall and late winter, when even young plants are more sensitive to low temperatures. The prominent role of CBF transcription factor genes in response to cold stress also attracted many researchers’ attention. Plum blossom CBFs were higher in high cold resistance variety than in low cold resistance variety [18]. Meanwhile, three longan DlCBF genes exhibited differences in their expression and function [20]. Therefore, a cold-sensitive ‘Tunisia’ and a cold-tolerance ‘Yudazi’ were selected to screen potential CBF genes. The expression profiles of seven pomegranate CBF genes in the two pomegranate cultivars produced a satisfied result that PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 were significantly up-regulated expression in ‘Yudazi’ at 4 °C (Figure 1), then provided a significant theoretical basis for further study of the two CBF genes. Additionally, the tissue-specific expression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 revealed to be the highest in leaves, in agreement with the higher expression of DlCBF1 and DlCBF2 in longan young leaves [20]. Sequence analysis showed that PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 shared a high homology with B. platyphylla CBF3 and E. globulus CBF3, respectively. Furthermore, subcellular localization analysis revealed that PgCBF3 was located on the nucleus while PgCBF7 was located on the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, and both PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 had a transcriptional activation function (Figure 3), similar to the previous results of tea CBF1-6 proteins [19] and longan DlCBF1, DlCBF2, and DlCBF3 [20].
Transcription factors are largely responsible for the selectivity in gene regulation; therefore, gene expression is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level, dependent on diverse cis-acting elements in the promoter [40,41]. CBF gene expression is modulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors via recognizing different cis-elements, including ICE1 [9,42], ICE2 [42,43], brassinazole-resistant 1 (BZR1) [44], pseudo response regulators (PRRs) [45], ethylene-insensitive 3 (EIN3) [46], etc. To explore the possible mechanisms for the two pomegranate CBFs, their upstream sequences were cloned. Our findings show that the promoters of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 contained the LTR element and MYC recognition site which was necessary for ICE binding under cold stress (Supplementary Figure S3). Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid and Dual-LUC assay proved that PgICE1 positively regulated the expression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 genes by combining with the promoters (Figure 4), which was consistent with the result that ICE binds to the MYC cis-acting element in the CBF promoter and activates the expression of CBFs [3,9,47]. Collectively, PgICE1 could bind to the promoters of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7, likely via the MYC recognition sequences.
Seen as transcription factors possess unique characteristics and modes of action, the overexpression strategy has been particularly effective in revealing transcription factor function [40]. Some evidence has also indicated that the heterologous expression of CBF genes from peach [26], longan [20], and sweet cherry [25] increased cold tolerance in apple and Arabidopsis plants. For −2 °C treatment, the ectopic expression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 in Arabidopsis improved the freezing tolerance significantly by higher survival rate and less phenotype damage, as seen from similar results in previous studies [19,48]. Moreover, the higher expression of AtCOR15A, AtCOR47, AtKIN1, and AtRD29A were presented in the PgCBF3-OE and PgCBF7-OE transgenic lines under 4 °C treatment, suggesting that PgCBF3/7 up-regulated the expression of these target genes and increased the tolerance against low temperature damage. Although the protein sequences of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 had no high similarity with Arabidopsis CBF3 (46.15% and 53.85%), and were not clustered into the same group with AtCBF1-4, PgCBF3, and PgCBF7, they played an important role in COR genes expression, which was attributed to COR genes expression regulated by ICE-CBF/DREB1 cascade under cold stress [20,28,49,50].
In addition, low temperature causes multiple biochemical and physiological changes. MDA accumulation and electrolyte leakage are widely used to evaluate membrane integrity [51,52]. In the PgCBF3-OE and PgCBF7-OE transgenic lines, the contents of electrolyte leakage and MDA both rose after CA and NA treatments, but lowered in the wild-type Arabidopsis plants, especially exhibiting a significant difference of MDA content with the wild-type plants. ROS production is investigated to assess the stress tolerance in response to cold stress in plants [20,52,53]. In the current study, after CA and NA treatments, ROS accumulation increased in both the transgenic lines and wild-type plants, but was strikingly lower than the wild-type plants, which was consistent with the rapidly accumulated ROS for cold acclimation [54]. Meanwhile, the ectopic expression of two Asian pear PpyCBFs and three longan DlCBFs also resulted in lower ROS accumulation [20,53]. Consequently, we detected the activity of POD, SOD, and CAT in pomegranate, responsible for the elimination of ROS in plant cells [54,55]. The findings demonstrated that higher activity of the three major ROS scavenging enzymes (CAT, SOD, and POD) existed in the transgenic lines PgCBF3-OE and PgCBF7-OE, compared with wild-type plants after −6 °C treatment, which partially accounted for less ROS accumulation in the transgenic lines. In conclusion, it was noted that the transgenic PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 lines acquired increased cold tolerance due to minor oxidation damage in cells and relatively stabilizing cell membranes via activating the antioxidant enzymes activity in a more robust manner. Besides, the higher concentration of soluble sugar and proline in transgenic lines greatly contributes to rising the tolerance against cold stress, which was stated in the overexpression of Arabidopsis CBF3 [30].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions

P. granatum vs. ‘Yudazi’ and ‘Tunisia’ plants were grown in the fruit tree experimental station of the College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China. ‘Yudazi’ has a strong tolerance to low temperature, while ‘Tunisia’ has a weak tolerance to low temperature [39]. Cuttings from ‘Yudazi’ and ‘Tunisia’ were rooted and grown in a growth chamber at 22 °C and 75% of relative moisture with a 16/8 light/dark photoperiod. Additionally, Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings (ecotype Columbia, Col-0) and N. benthamiana seedlings were grown under the same conditions.

4.2. Cold-Tolerance Assays

The healthy 30-day-old pomegranate cuttings and the 3-week-old A. thaliana plants were transferred into a growth chamber at 4 °C for cold treatment. The leaves were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after cold treatment and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.
Freezing tolerance assays were conducted as described by Hu et al. [56], with some modifications. The 10-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings were maintained for 1 h in a growth chamber at −2 °C, and transferred to 22 °C. The survival rates were measured visually after 24 h. Three-week-old Arabidopsis plants were divided into two groups, one group (cold-acclimated, CA) was set at 4 °C for 7 days, and −7 °C for 8 h, while the other group (non-acclimated, NA) was placed at −6 °C for 8 h.

4.3. RNA Extraction and Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) Analysis

The total RNA was extracted from pomegranate and Arabidopsis using the Plant Total RNA Isolation Kit (Shanghai Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), and the cDNA was synthesized using HiScript III RT SuperMix for qPCR (+gDNA wiper) (Nanjing Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). qRT-PCR was carried out using ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix (Nanjing Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China) on ABI 7500 PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). The PgActin (LOC116200207) and AtActin (AT3G18780) genes were used as an internal reference. All the primers used were listed in Supplementary Table S1.

4.4. Bioinformatics Analysis of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7

The protein sequences of AtCBF1 (AT4G25490), AtCBF2 (AT4G25470), AtCBF3 (AT4G25480), AtCBF4 (AT5G51990), AtCBF5 (AT1G63030), and AtCBF6 (AT1G12610) were obtained from TAIR webserver (https://www.arabidopsis.org/, accessed on 23 February 2004). Pomegranate genome annotation information, genome sequences, and protein sequences were obtained from the pomegranate genome database (Table S2) [57]. The coding sequences of 7 pomegranate CBF candidate genes were obtained using TBtools v.1.09876 and NCBI website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) with BLAST search. Sequences of the other plant CBF proteins were retrieved using BLAST search in NCBI database (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi, accessed on 17 March 2022). The amino acid sequence alignment was performed using DNAMAN software. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the neighbor-joining method by MEGA6.0.

4.5. Histochemical Staining

The 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining were used to detect hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2−), respectively, as previously described [58,59].

4.6. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Detection

The Arabidopsis plants at low temperature were imaged by a SPAD-502 chlorophyll (Chl) meter (Minolta, Tokyo, Japan), and SPAD values were recorded. The maximum quantum efficiency of PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm) was assessed using FluorCam7 Chl fluorescence imaging (Photon Systems Instruments, Brno, Czech Republic) and LI-6400 portable photosynthesis measurement system (LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) [60].

4.7. Recombination Vectors Construction and Transgenic Plants Generation

To generate the overexpression transgenic plants, the open reading frame (ORF) sequences of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 (containing KpnI and BamHI digestion sites) driven by the CaMV 35S promoter were cloned into the pCAMBIA2300-GFP vector, generating the vectors pCAMBIA2300-35S-PgCBF3/PgCBF7-GFP. The recombinant vectors were introduced into A. thaliana (ecotype Columbia, Col-0) via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 using inflorescence infection method [61].

4.8. Determination of Electrolyte Leakage, MDA and Proline Content, and Enzyme Activity

The electrolyte leakage was evaluated according to the method described by Nanjo et al. [62]. MDA content (μmol kg−1 fresh weight) was measured by thiobarbituric acid method using MDA-2-Y Kit (Suzhou Comin Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Suzhou China). The enzyme activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined using CAT-2-W Kit and SOD-2-Y Kit and (Suzhou Comin Biotechnology Co. Ltd., China), respectively. Soluble sugar content was measured using KT-1-Y Kit (Suzhou Comin Biotechnology Co. Ltd., China). The proline content was assessed using Proline (PRO) Content Assay Kit BC02905 (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). Peroxidase (POD) activity was determined according to the method described previously [63].

4.9. Determination of Electrolyte Leakage, MDA and Proline Content, and Enzyme Activity

The A. tumefaciens strain GV3101 with recombinant vectors pCAMBIA2300-35S-PgCBF3-GFP and pCAMBIA2300-35S-PgCBF7-GFP were infiltrated into tobacco leaves, the empty vector as the control. After 72 h, GFP fluorescence was observed by a confocal laser microscopy (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany).

4.10. Transcriptional Activation Activity Analysis

The ORF sequences of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 were cloned into pGBKT7. According to the procedure of YeastmakerTM Yeast transformation system 2 (Clontech, Takara, Kusatsu, Japan), the recombinants of pGBKT7-PgCBF3 and pGBKT7-PgCBF7 were transformed into the yeast strains Y2HGold stain, which were screened on SD/-Trp-Leu-His-Ade/X-α-Gal medium. The yeast with pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-Lam was used as the negative control and with pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-p53 as the positive control.

4.11. Extraction of Genomic DNA and the Cloning of the Promoters

DNA extraction from pomegranate leaves was performed using the EZ-10 Spin Column Plant Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Shanghai Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., China). The purified DNA was used for the promoter amplification of PgCBF3/PgCBF7 genes. The promoter sequences were analyzed using PLACE (https://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/PLACE/?action=newplace, accessed on 8 January 2007) and PlantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/).

4.12. Yeast One-Hybrid Assay

The promoter fragments of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 genes were inserted into the pLacZi vector, while the ORF of PgICE1 was cloned into the pB42AD vector. After co-transformation pPgCBF3/7-pLacZi and PgICE1-pB42AD in EGY48 yeast strains, yeast cells grown on SD-Trp/Ura media were suspended in sterile water and then placed on SC-Trp/Ura/X-Gal media for culturing at 28 °C for 12–24 h.

4.13. Dual-Luciferase (Dual-LUC) Reporter Assay

The ORF sequence of PgICE1 was cloned into the pSAK277 vector, which acted as the effector, and the promoters of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 were cloned into the pGREENII0800-LUC, which acted as the reporter. All constructs were individually transformed into Agrobacterium GV3101 stain and expressed transiently in tobacco leaves by A. tumefaciens-mediated infiltration. After culturing for 3 days, the ratio of enzyme activities of firefly luciferase (LUC) and renilla luciferase (REN) was measured using Dual Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay Kit (Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China).

4.14. Statistical Analysis

The mean values and standard deviation (SD) were obtained for at least three repetitions. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics v.20. Significant difference was evaluated using one-sided paired t test (p < 0.05).

5. Conclusions

Two CBFs (PgCBF3 and PgCBF7) were identified from a cold-tolerant pomegranate cultivar. The overexpression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 led to enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants under cold stress, as revealed by the increased concentration of proline and soluble sugar, as well as the decreased electrolyte leakage, MDA content, and ROS accumulation, the latter being associated with higher ROS scavenging by enzymes activity (CAT, SOD, and POD). Importantly, the signaling response to cold stress was elucidated in pomegranate, namely, PgICE1 activated the promoter activity of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 via MYC recognition site and sped up the PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transcripts. Moreover, the two pomegranate CBFs may mediate the expression of the downstream Arabidopsis COR genes in transgenic plants in response to cold stress. Taken together, PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 conferred higher cold tolerance in Arabidopsis, which provided new insights for enhancing cold tolerance using genetic engineering in perennial fruit trees.

Supplementary Materials

The supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms23169439/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.W. (Sa Wang), J.S., L.W. and X.Z.; Formal analysis, S.W. (Sa Wang), S.W. (Sen Wang), R.T. and J.Y.; Visualization, S.W. (Sen Wang), R.T. and X.Z.; Investigation, S.W. (Sen Wang), J.Y., J.J., R.W. and M.W.; Resources, S.W. (Sa Wang), J.S. and X.Z.; Writing—original draft, S.W. (Sa Wang), J.S. and L.W.; Writing—review and editing, J.S., S.W. (Sa Wang) and R.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Special Fund for Henan Agriculture Research System (HARS-22-09-Z2).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Chinnusamy, V.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, J.K. Cold stress regulation of gene expression in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2007, 12, 444–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Theocharis, A.; Clément, C.; Barka, E.A. Physiological and molecular changes in plants grown at low temperatures. Planta 2012, 235, 1091–1105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Hwarari, D.; Guan, Y.; Ahmad, B.; Movahedi, A.; Min, T.; Hao, Z.; Lu, Y.; Chen, J.; Yang, L. ICE-CBF-COR signaling cascade and its regulation in plants responding to cold stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Kaplan, F.; Kopka, J.; Sung, D.Y.; Zhao, W.; Popp, M.; Porat, R.; Guy, C.L. Transcript and metabolite profiling during cold acclimation of Arabidopsis reveals an intricate relationship of cold-regulated gene expression with modifications in metabolite content. Plant J. 2007, 50, 967–981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Song, Q.; Wang, X.; Li, J.; Chen, T.H.; Liu, Y.; Yang, X. CBF1 and CBF4 in Solanum tuberosum L. Differ in their effect on low-temperature tolerance and development. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2021, 185, 104416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Kasamo, K.; Kagita, F.; Yamanishi, H.; Sakaki, T. Low temperature-induced changes in the thermotropic properties and fatty acid composition of the plasma membrane and tonoplast of cultured rice (Oryza sativa L.) cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 1992, 33, 609–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Kidokoro, S.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Transcriptional regulatory network of plant cold-stress responses. Trends Plant Sci. 2022, 27, 922–935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Thomashow, M.F. Plant cold acclimation: Freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 1999, 50, 571–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Chinnusamy, V.; Ohta, M.; Kanrar, S.; Lee, B.-h.; Hong, X.; Agarwal, M.; Zhu, J.-K. ICE1: A regulator of cold-induced transcriptome and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 2003, 17, 1043–1054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Jaglo-Ottosen, K.R.; Gilmour, S.J.; Zarka, D.G.; Schabenberger, O.; Thomashow, M.F. Arabidopsis CBF1 overexpression induces COR genes and enhances freezing tolerance. Science 1998, 280, 104–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Shi, Y.; Ding, Y.; Yang, S. Molecular regulation of CBF signaling in cold acclimation. Trends Plant Sci. 2018, 23, 623–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Zarka, D.G.; Vogel, J.T.; Cook, D.; Thomashow, M.F. Cold induction of Arabidopsis CBF genes involves multiple ICE (inducer of CBF expression) promoter elements and a cold-regulatory circuit that is desensitized by low temperature. Plant Physiol. 2003, 133, 910–918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  13. Medina, J.; Catalá, R.; Salinas, J. The CBFs: Three Arabidopsis transcription factors to cold acclimate. Plant Sci. 2011, 180, 3–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Park, S.; Lee, C.M.; Doherty, C.J.; Gilmour, S.J.; Kim, Y.; Thomashow, M.F. Regulation of the Arabidopsis CBF regulon by a complex low-temperature regulatory network. Plant J. 2015, 82, 193–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Pino, M.T.; Skinner, J.S.; Jeknić, Z.; Hayes, P.M.; Soeldner, A.H.; Thomashow, M.F.; Chen, T.H. Ectopic AtCBF1 over-expression enhances freezing tolerance and induces cold acclimation-associated physiological modifications in potato. Plant Cell Environ. 2008, 31, 393–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Hsieh, T.H.; Lee, J.T.; Yang, P.T.; Chiu, L.H.; Charng, Y.Y.; Wang, Y.C.; Chan, M.T. Heterology expression of the Arabidopsis C-repeat/dehydration response element binding factor 1 gene confers elevated tolerance to chilling and oxidative stresses in transgenic tomato. Plant Physiol. 2002, 129, 1086–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Park, S.; Shi, A.; Mou, B. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the CBF/DREB1 gene family in lettuce. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 5733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Peng, T.; Guo, C.; Yang, J.; Xu, M.; Zuo, J.; Bao, M.; Zhang, J. Overexpression of a Mei (Prunus mume) CBF gene confers tolerance to freezing and oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2016, 126, 373–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Hu, Z.; Ban, Q.; Hao, J.; Zhu, X.; Cheng, Y.; Mao, J.; Lin, M.; Xia, E.; Li, Y. Genome-wide characterization of the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) gene family involved in the response to abiotic stresses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 11, 921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Yang, X.; Wang, R.; Jing, H.; Chen, Q.; Bao, X.; Zhao, J.; Hu, G.; Liu, C.; Fu, J. Three novel c-repeat binding factor genes of Dimocarpus longan regulate cold stress response in Arabidopsis. Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 11, 1026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Xiao, H.; Siddiqua, M.; Braybrook, S.; Nassuth, A. Three grape CBF/DREB1 genes respond to low temperature, drought and abscisic acid. Plant Cell Environ. 2006, 29, 1410–1421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Xiao, H.; Tattersall, E.A.; Siddiqua, M.K.; Cramer, G.R.; Nassuth, A. CBF4 is a unique member of the CBF transcription factor family of Vitis vinifera and Vitis riparia. Plant Cell Environ. 2008, 31, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Karimi, M.; Ebadi, A.; Mousavi, S.A.; Salami, S.A.; Zarei, A. Comparison of CBF1, CBF2, CBF3 and CBF4 expression in some grapevine cultivars and species under cold stress. Sci. Hortic. 2015, 197, 521–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Yang, W.; Liu, X.-D.; Chi, X.-J.; Wu, C.-A.; Li, Y.-Z.; Song, L.-L.; Liu, X.-M.; Wang, Y.-F.; Wang, F.-W.; Zhang, C. Dwarf apple MbDREB1 enhances plant tolerance to low temperature, drought, and salt stress via both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways. Planta 2011, 233, 219–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Kitashiba, H.; Ishizaka, T.; Isuzugawa, K.; Nishimura, K.; Suzuki, T. Expression of a sweet cherry DREB1/CBF ortholog in Arabidopsis confers salt and freezing tolerance. J. Plant Physiol. 2004, 161, 1171–1176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Wisniewski, M.; Norelli, J.; Bassett, C.; Artlip, T.; Macarisin, D. Ectopic expression of a novel peach (Prunus persica) CBF transcription factor in apple (Malus × domestica) results in short-day induced dormancy and increased cold hardiness. Planta 2011, 233, 971–983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Barros, P.M.; Gonçalves, N.; Saibo, N.J.; Oliveira, M.M. Functional characterization of two almond C-repeat-binding factors involved in cold response. Tree Physiol. 2012, 32, 1113–1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Liu, Q.; Kasuga, M.; Sakuma, Y.; Abe, H.; Miura, S.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Shinozaki, K. Two transcription factors, DREB1 and DREB2, with an EREBP/AP2 DNA binding domain separate two cellular signal transduction pathways in drought-and low-temperature-responsive gene expression, respectively, in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1998, 10, 1391–1406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Li, J.; Wang, Y.; Yu, B.; Song, Q.; Liu, Y.; Chen, T.H.; Li, G.; Yang, X. Ectopic expression of StCBF1 and ScCBF1 have different functions in response to freezing and drought stresses in Arabidopsis. Plant Sci. 2018, 270, 221–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Gilmour, S.J.; Sebolt, A.M.; Salazar, M.P.; Everard, J.D.; Thomashow, M.F. Overexpression of the Arabidopsis CBF3 transcriptional activator mimics multiple biochemical changes associated with cold acclimation. Plant Physiol. 2000, 124, 1854–1865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Wang, L.; Wu, Y.; Tian, Y.; Dai, T.; Xie, G.; Xu, Y.; Chen, F. Overexpressing Jatropha curcas CBF2 in Nicotiana benthamiana improved plant tolerance to drought stress. Gene 2020, 742, 144588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Karimi, M.; Sadeghi, R.; Kokini, J. Pomegranate as a promising opportunity in medicine and nanotechnology. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 69, 59–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Hegazi, N.M.; El-Shamy, S.; Fahmy, H.; Farag, M.A. Pomegranate juice as a super-food: A comprehensive review of its extraction, analysis, and quality assessment approaches. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2021, 97, 103773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Akyıldız, A.; Karaca, E.; Ağçam, E.; Dündar, B.; Çınkır, N.İ. Changes in quality attributes during production steps and frozen-storage of pomegranate juice concentrate. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 92, 103548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Soloklui, A.A.G.; Ershadi, A.; Fallahi, E. Evaluation of cold hardiness in seven Iranian commercial pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars. HortScience 2012, 47, 1821–1825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Sayyari, M.; Babalar, M.; Kalantari, S.; Serrano, M.; Valero, D. Effect of salicylic acid treatment on reducing chilling injury in stored pomegranates. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2009, 53, 152–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Kashash, Y.; Mayuoni-Kirshenbaum, L.; Goldenberg, L.; Choi, H.J.; Porat, R. Effects of harvest date and low-temperature conditioning on chilling tolerance of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate fruit. Sci. Hortic. 2016, 209, 286–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Jannatizadeh, A. Exogenous melatonin applying confers chilling tolerance in pomegranate fruit during cold storage. Sci. Hortic. 2019, 246, 544–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Shi, J.; Gao, H.; Wang, S.; Wu, W.; Tong, R.; Wang, S.; Li, M.; Jian, Z.; Wan, R.; Hu, Q. Exogenous arginine treatment maintains the appearance and nutraceutical properties of hard-and soft-seed pomegranates in cold storage. Front. Nutr. 2022, 9, 828946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Zhang, J.Z. Overexpression analysis of plant transcription factors. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2003, 6, 430–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Yamasaki, K.; Kigawa, T.; Seki, M.; Shinozaki, K.; Yokoyama, S. DNA-binding domains of plant-specific transcription factors: Structure, function, and evolution. Trends Plant Sci. 2013, 18, 267–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Kim, Y.S.; Lee, M.; Lee, J.-H.; Lee, H.-J.; Park, C.-M. The unified ICE–CBF pathway provides a transcriptional feedback control of freezing tolerance during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol. Biol. 2015, 89, 187–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Fursova, O.V.; Pogorelko, G.V.; Tarasov, V.A. Identification of ICE2, a gene involved in cold acclimation which determines freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 2009, 429, 98–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Li, H.; Ye, K.; Shi, Y.; Cheng, J.; Zhang, X.; Yang, S. BZR1 positively regulates freezing tolerance via CBF-dependent and CBF-independent pathways in Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant 2017, 10, 545–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  45. Nakamichi, N.; Kusano, M.; Fukushima, A.; Kita, M.; Ito, S.; Yamashino, T.; Saito, K.; Sakakibara, H.; Mizuno, T. Transcript profiling of an Arabidopsis PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR arrhythmic triple mutant reveals a role for the circadian clock in cold stress response. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009, 50, 447–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Shi, Y.; Tian, S.; Hou, L.; Huang, X.; Zhang, X.; Guo, H.; Yang, S. Ethylene signaling negatively regulates freezing tolerance by repressing expression of CBF and type-A ARR genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2012, 24, 2578–2595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Zhou, L.; He, Y.; Li, J.; Li, L.; Liu, Y.; Chen, H. An eggplant SmICE1a gene encoding MYC-type ICE1-like transcription factor enhances freezing tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Biol. 2020, 22, 450–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Xiong, Y.; Fei, S.-Z. Functional and phylogenetic analysis of a DREB/CBF-like gene in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Planta 2006, 224, 878–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Qin, F.; Sakuma, Y.; Li, J.; Liu, Q.; Li, Y.-Q.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Cloning and functional analysis of a novel DREB1/CBF transcription factor involved in cold-responsive gene expression in Zea mays L. Plant Cell Physiol. 2004, 45, 1042–1052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Wang, Y.; Hua, J. A moderate decrease in temperature induces COR15a expression through the CBF signaling cascade and enhances freezing tolerance. Plant J. 2009, 60, 340–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Campos, P.S.; nia Quartin, V.; chicho Ramalho, J.; Nunes, M.A. Electrolyte leakage and lipid degradation account for cold sensitivity in leaves of Coffea sp. plants. J. Plant Physiol. 2003, 160, 283–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Jin, C.; Huang, X.-S.; Li, K.-Q.; Yin, H.; Li, L.-T.; Yao, Z.-H.; Zhang, S.-L. Overexpression of a bHLH1 transcription factor of Pyrus ussuriensis confers enhanced cold tolerance and increases expression of stress-responsive genes. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  53. Ahmad, M.; Li, J.; Yang, Q.; Jamil, W.; Teng, Y.; Bai, S. Phylogenetic, molecular, and functional characterization of PpyCBF proteins in Asian pears (Pyrus pyrifolia). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  54. Hossain, M.A.; Bhattacharjee, S.; Armin, S.-M.; Qian, P.; Xin, W.; Li, H.-Y.; Burritt, D.J.; Fujita, M.; Tran, L.-S.P. Hydrogen peroxide priming modulates abiotic oxidative stress tolerance: Insights from ROS detoxification and scavenging. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  55. Mittler, R.; Vanderauwera, S.; Gollery, M.; Van Breusegem, F. Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2004, 9, 490–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Hu, Y.; Jiang, L.; Wang, F.; Yu, D. Jasmonate regulates the inducer of CBF expression–C-repeat binding factor/DRE binding factor1 cascade and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2013, 25, 2907–2924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  57. Luo, X.; Li, H.; Wu, Z.; Yao, W.; Zhao, P.; Cao, D.; Yu, H.; Li, K.; Poudel, K.; Zhao, D. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) draft genome dissects genetic divergence between soft-and hard-seeded cultivars. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2020, 18, 955–968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  58. Daudi, A.; O’Brien, J.A. Detection of hydrogen peroxide by DAB staining in Arabidopsis leaves. Bio-Protocol 2012, 2, e263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Grellet Bournonville, C.F.; Díaz-Ricci, J.C. Quantitative determination of superoxide in plant leaves using a modified NBT staining method. Phytochem. Anal. 2011, 22, 268–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Guo, Z.; Lv, J.; Zhang, H.; Hu, C.; Qin, Y.; Dong, H.; Zhang, T.; Dong, X.; Du, N.; Piao, F. Red and blue light function antagonistically to regulate cadmium tolerance by modulating the photosynthesis, antioxidant defense system and Cd uptake in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 429, 128412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Clough, S.J.; Bent, A.F. Floral dip: A simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 1998, 16, 735–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  62. Nanjo, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Yoshiba, Y.; Kakubari, Y.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Shinozaki, K. Antisense suppression of proline degradation improves tolerance to freezing and salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 1999, 461, 205–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  63. Giannopolitis, C.N.; Ries, S.K. Superoxide dismutases: I. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiol. 1977, 59, 309–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ijms 23 09439 g001 550
Figure 1. Chromosome distribution and the expression profiles of PgCBF gene family members from pomegranate vs. ‘Tunisia’ and ‘Yudazi’ at 4 °C. (a) Chromosome distribution of CBF genes in Punica granatum genome. Chr 1 and 4 represent 2 chromosomes. Gene position and chromosome length are measured with the left ruler (bp); (b) Expression profiles of PgCBF gene family members under 4 °C; (c) Expression patterns of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 genes in six tissues from ‘Yudazi’. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05).
Figure 1. Chromosome distribution and the expression profiles of PgCBF gene family members from pomegranate vs. ‘Tunisia’ and ‘Yudazi’ at 4 °C. (a) Chromosome distribution of CBF genes in Punica granatum genome. Chr 1 and 4 represent 2 chromosomes. Gene position and chromosome length are measured with the left ruler (bp); (b) Expression profiles of PgCBF gene family members under 4 °C; (c) Expression patterns of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 genes in six tissues from ‘Yudazi’. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05).
Ijms 23 09439 g001
Ijms 23 09439 g002 550
Figure 2. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 protein with other CBF proteins. (a) Sequence alignment of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 protein with the other CBF proteins from other plant species; (b) Phylogenetic tree of CBF proteins from different species. AtCBF1 (AT4G25490.1); AtCBF2 (AT4G25470.1); AtCBF3 (AT4G25480.1); AtCBF4 (AT5G51990.1); BpCBF3 (QIJ58752.1); AmCBF3 (AHH86061.1); StCBF3 (ACB45095.1); PgCBF3 (PgL0134960.1); PgCBF7 (PgL0233080.1); MsCBF3 (ARO50175.1); HvCBF3 (ABE02655.1); VrCBF3 (AIL00734.1); VpCBF3 (AIL00707.1); VvCBF3 (QBC35953.1); EgCBF3 (AQX36212.1); PdCBF3 (AIQ82401.1).
Figure 2. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 protein with other CBF proteins. (a) Sequence alignment of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 protein with the other CBF proteins from other plant species; (b) Phylogenetic tree of CBF proteins from different species. AtCBF1 (AT4G25490.1); AtCBF2 (AT4G25470.1); AtCBF3 (AT4G25480.1); AtCBF4 (AT5G51990.1); BpCBF3 (QIJ58752.1); AmCBF3 (AHH86061.1); StCBF3 (ACB45095.1); PgCBF3 (PgL0134960.1); PgCBF7 (PgL0233080.1); MsCBF3 (ARO50175.1); HvCBF3 (ABE02655.1); VrCBF3 (AIL00734.1); VpCBF3 (AIL00707.1); VvCBF3 (QBC35953.1); EgCBF3 (AQX36212.1); PdCBF3 (AIQ82401.1).
Ijms 23 09439 g002
Ijms 23 09439 g003 550
Figure 3. Subcellular localization and transactivation assay of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7. (a) Subcellular localization of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 fusion protein in tobacco epidermal cells; GFP: Green fluorescent protein fluorescence; BF: Bright field; Merge: The fusion of green fluorescence and bright field; Bar = 20 μm; (b) Transcriptional activity analysis of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transcription factors. NC: Negative control, pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-Lam; PC: Positive control, pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-p53; PgCBF3: pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-PgCBF3; PgCBF7: pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-PgCBF7.
Figure 3. Subcellular localization and transactivation assay of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7. (a) Subcellular localization of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 fusion protein in tobacco epidermal cells; GFP: Green fluorescent protein fluorescence; BF: Bright field; Merge: The fusion of green fluorescence and bright field; Bar = 20 μm; (b) Transcriptional activity analysis of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transcription factors. NC: Negative control, pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-Lam; PC: Positive control, pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-p53; PgCBF3: pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-PgCBF3; PgCBF7: pGADT7-T + pGBKT7-PgCBF7.
Ijms 23 09439 g003
Ijms 23 09439 g004 550
Figure 4. The expression profiles of PgICE1 gene at 4 °C and yeast one-hybrid and Dual-LUC experiment of PgICE1 on PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 promoter. (a) The expression profiles of PgICE1 gene at 4 °C; (b) Yeast one-hybrid experiment of PgICE1 on PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 promoter; (c) Dual-LUC activity of PgICE1 and PgCBF3 promoter; (d) Dual-LUC activity of PgICE1 and PgCBF7 promoter. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05), and ** presents significant differences (p < 0.01).
Figure 4. The expression profiles of PgICE1 gene at 4 °C and yeast one-hybrid and Dual-LUC experiment of PgICE1 on PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 promoter. (a) The expression profiles of PgICE1 gene at 4 °C; (b) Yeast one-hybrid experiment of PgICE1 on PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 promoter; (c) Dual-LUC activity of PgICE1 and PgCBF3 promoter; (d) Dual-LUC activity of PgICE1 and PgCBF7 promoter. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05), and ** presents significant differences (p < 0.01).
Ijms 23 09439 g004
Ijms 23 09439 g005 550
Figure 5. Identification of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis lines and phenotype and survival rate of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis lines at −2 °C. Identification of transgenic Arabidopsis lines of PgCBF3 (a) and PgCBF7 (b), N represents a negative control using sterilized water; phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis lines of PgCBF3 (c) and PgCBF7 (d) after −2 °C treatment; survival rate of transgenic Arabidopsis lines of PgCBF3 (e) and PgCBF7 (f) after −2 °C. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05).
Figure 5. Identification of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis lines and phenotype and survival rate of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis lines at −2 °C. Identification of transgenic Arabidopsis lines of PgCBF3 (a) and PgCBF7 (b), N represents a negative control using sterilized water; phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis lines of PgCBF3 (c) and PgCBF7 (d) after −2 °C treatment; survival rate of transgenic Arabidopsis lines of PgCBF3 (e) and PgCBF7 (f) after −2 °C. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05).
Ijms 23 09439 g005
Ijms 23 09439 g006 550
Figure 6. Change trends of physiological parameters of transgenic lines and WT plants under freezing treatment. The chlorophyll fluorescence image (a) and Fv/Fm values (b) of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis under freezing stress; (c) H2O2 accumulation by DAB chemical staining; (d) detection of O2- by NBT chemical staining electrolyte leakage (e) and MDA (f) content of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis at freezing temperature. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05). CA: cold-acclimated; NA: non-acclimated.
Figure 6. Change trends of physiological parameters of transgenic lines and WT plants under freezing treatment. The chlorophyll fluorescence image (a) and Fv/Fm values (b) of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis under freezing stress; (c) H2O2 accumulation by DAB chemical staining; (d) detection of O2- by NBT chemical staining electrolyte leakage (e) and MDA (f) content of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis at freezing temperature. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05). CA: cold-acclimated; NA: non-acclimated.
Ijms 23 09439 g006
Ijms 23 09439 g007 550
Figure 7. Proline (a), soluble sugars (b), and enzyme activity of SOD (c), POD (d), and CAT (e) in the PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis at freezing temperature. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05).
Figure 7. Proline (a), soluble sugars (b), and enzyme activity of SOD (c), POD (d), and CAT (e) in the PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis at freezing temperature. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05).
Ijms 23 09439 g007
Ijms 23 09439 g008 550
Figure 8. Relative expressions levels of the four cold-responsive genes AtCOR15A (a), AtCOR47 (b), AtKIN1 (c), and AtRD29A (d) in PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis under cold stress. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05).
Figure 8. Relative expressions levels of the four cold-responsive genes AtCOR15A (a), AtCOR47 (b), AtKIN1 (c), and AtRD29A (d) in PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 transgenic Arabidopsis under cold stress. Different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05).
Ijms 23 09439 g008
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, L.; Wang, S.; Tong, R.; Wang, S.; Yao, J.; Jiao, J.; Wan, R.; Wang, M.; Shi, J.; Zheng, X. Overexpression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 Transcription Factors from Pomegranate Enhances Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis under the Promoter Activity Positively Regulated by PgICE1. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169439

AMA Style

Wang L, Wang S, Tong R, Wang S, Yao J, Jiao J, Wan R, Wang M, Shi J, Zheng X. Overexpression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 Transcription Factors from Pomegranate Enhances Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis under the Promoter Activity Positively Regulated by PgICE1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(16):9439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169439

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Lei, Sa Wang, Ruiran Tong, Sen Wang, Jianan Yao, Jian Jiao, Ran Wan, Miaomiao Wang, Jiangli Shi, and Xianbo Zheng. 2022. "Overexpression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 Transcription Factors from Pomegranate Enhances Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis under the Promoter Activity Positively Regulated by PgICE1" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16: 9439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169439

APA Style

Wang, L., Wang, S., Tong, R., Wang, S., Yao, J., Jiao, J., Wan, R., Wang, M., Shi, J., & Zheng, X. (2022). Overexpression of PgCBF3 and PgCBF7 Transcription Factors from Pomegranate Enhances Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis under the Promoter Activity Positively Regulated by PgICE1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(16), 9439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169439

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop