Research Progress on the Protective Effect of Brown Algae-Derived Polysaccharides on Metabolic Diseases and Intestinal Barrier Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Brown Algae Polysaccharides
2.1. Classification of Brown Algae Polysaccharides
2.1.1. Alginate
2.1.2. Fucoidan
2.1.3. Laminaran
2.2. Extraction of Brown Algae Polysaccharides
3. Protective Effect of Brown Algae-Derived Polysaccharides on Metabolic Diseases and Intestinal Barrier Injury
3.1. Brown Algae-Derived Polysaccharides Maintain Intestinal Barrier Integrity
3.1.1. Maintaining the Integrity of the Physical Barrier
3.1.2. Enhancement of Intestinal Chemical Barrier Function
3.1.3. Improving Intestinal Immune Barrier Protection
3.1.4. Maintenance of Intestinal Microbial Barrier by the Intestinal Microbiota Balance
3.2. Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation Damage by Brown Algae-Derived Polysaccharides
3.3. Inhibition of Inflammatory Cytokines by Brown Algae-Derived Polysaccharides
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genus | Species | Distribution | References |
---|---|---|---|
Ecklonia | Ecklonia radiata, Ecklonia cava | Distributed in Australia, Korea, China and other countries, in China mainly in Liaodong, Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian Province. | [19,20,21] |
Sargassum | Sargassum fusiforme, Sargassum plagiophyllum, Sargassum thunbergii | Asian countries are more widely distributed, widely distributed in Fujian Province, Zhejiang Province, China, Korea, Japan. | [22,23,24,25] |
Laminaria | Laminaria japonica | It is mainly distributed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Widely distributed in Japan, Russia, China and other countries. | [26,27] |
Ascophyllum | Ascophyllum nodosum | Distributed in the coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, such as Canada, Norway, Ireland, the United Kingdom, France and other countries. | [28,29] |
Fucus | Fucus vesiculosus | Mostly found in tropical and subtropical seas. | [30,31] |
Undaria | Undaria pinnatifida | Mainly in the northwest coast of the North Pacific Ocean, native to China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. | [32,33] |
Macrocystis | Macrocystis pyrifera | Mainly distributed along the eastern Pacific coast. | [34,35] |
Source | Type | Inducer | Models | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida | Fucoidan | H2O2 | Caco-2 cells | Fucoidan remarkably reduced H2O2-induced paracellular permeability. Up-regulation of endogenous expression of claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin in Caco-2 cells. | [15] |
Acaudina molpadioides | Fucoidan | Cyclophosphamide (CPA) | Mice | Fucoidan intervention alleviates inflammation, increases tight junction protein expression, and increases the abundance of Coprococcus, Rikenella, and Butyricicoccus. | [54] |
Laminaria japonica | Fucoidan | cefoperazone | Mice | Inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, restored the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota, and improved the structural damage of intestinal mucosa. | [53] |
Cladosiphon okamuranus | Fucoidan | - | Zebrafish | Down-regulation of the relative expression of the pro-inflammatory gene IL-1β. | [71] |
Ascophyllum nodosum | Fucoidan | ciprofloxacin-metronidazole | Mice | Increased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae, and Akkermansia, and decreased the abundance of Proteus and Enterococcus; inhibited the overproduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and promoted the expression of IL-10. | [28] |
Sargassum fusiforme | Sulfated polysaccharide | - | - | In vitro fermentation increased the abundance of Faecalibacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus. | [72] |
Laminaria | Alginate | CPA | Mice | Up-regulation of tight junction protein expression reduced intestinal mucosal damage, decreased serum D-lactate and lipopolysaccharide concentrations, and downregulated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway expression to reduce intestinal inflammation. | [73] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Fucoidan | LPS | RAW 264.7 Cell | Inhibited the secretion of NO, PGE 2 and TNF-α, IL-1β and reduced the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. | [74] |
Ascophyllum nodosum | Alginate | - | - | Promoted the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, increased levels of acetate and propionate. | [75] |
Laminaria japonica | Alginate | - | - | Increased the abundance of Bacteroides. | [76] |
Eisenia bicyclis | Laminaran | - | - | Inhibited ammonia, phenol, and indole production by human fecal microbiota and reduced indole levels in the cecum. | [77] |
Ecklonia radiata | Polysaccharides | - | - | Increase in total bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and increase in total SCFA, acetic and propionic acids. | [19] |
Ecklonia cava | Fucoidan | LPS | Zebrafish | Inhibiting ROS and NO production induced by LPS treatment to alleviate inflammation. | [20] |
Sargassum fusiforme | Fucoidan | Streptozotocin | Mice | Fucoidan significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, reduced oxidative stress in diabetic mice, and increased the abundance of beneficial intestinal microbes including Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium and Blautia. | [24] |
Sargassum fusiforme | Fucoidan | High-fat diet | Mice | Fucoidan improves HFD-induced insulin resistance by activating the Nrf2 pathway, remodeling the intestinal microbiota, and reducing intestinal inflammation. | [25] |
Laminaria japonica | Fucoidan | CPA | Mice | Fucoidan increased spleen and thymus indices, increased serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IgG, and improved immunosuppression in mice. Increased the abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Alistipes, and decreased the abundance of Erysipelotrichia, Turicibacter, Romboutsia, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Faecalibaculum. | [78] |
Ascophyllum nodosum | Fucoidan | ciprofloxacin-metronidazole | Mice | Dietary fucoidan prevented colon shortening and alleviated colon tissue damage by increasing the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 and Akkermansia) and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., Aspergillus and Enterococcus), fucoidan also inhibited the overproduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and promoted the expression of IL-10. | [28] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Fucoidan | Sodium palmitate | HepG2 Cells Mice | Fucoidan significantly reduced the phosphorylation level of JNK and increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (pAkt). It improved hyperglycemia and serum insulin levels in mice with metabolic syndrome. | [31] |
Undaria pinnatifida | Fucoidan | High-fat diet | Mice | Fucoidan reduces weight gain, fat accumulation and intestinal permeability in mice with metabolic syndrome. Intestinal Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in fucoidan-treated high-fat diet mice were restored to normal levels and promoted the production of SCFAS and enhanced the expression level of IL-10. | [32] |
Sargassum thunbergii | crude polysaccharide | - | - | Increased abundance of intestinal beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Parasutterella, and Fusicatenibacter by in vitro fecal fermentation after 24 h of fermentation. | [79] |
Laminaria japonica | Fucoidan | - | Mice | Increased in the abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Lactobacillu and decreased in the serum levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. | [80] |
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Yang, Y.; Liang, M.; Ouyang, D.; Tong, H.; Wu, M.; Su, L. Research Progress on the Protective Effect of Brown Algae-Derived Polysaccharides on Metabolic Diseases and Intestinal Barrier Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810784
Yang Y, Liang M, Ouyang D, Tong H, Wu M, Su L. Research Progress on the Protective Effect of Brown Algae-Derived Polysaccharides on Metabolic Diseases and Intestinal Barrier Injury. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(18):10784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810784
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Ying, Meina Liang, Dan Ouyang, Haibin Tong, Mingjiang Wu, and Laijin Su. 2022. "Research Progress on the Protective Effect of Brown Algae-Derived Polysaccharides on Metabolic Diseases and Intestinal Barrier Injury" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18: 10784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810784