Novel Findings regarding the Bioactivity of the Natural Blue Pigment Genipin in Human Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Genipin in Food Products
3. Hepatoprotective Properties
4. Neuroprotective Properties
5. The Molecular Basis of the Antitumor Activity of Genipin—An Update
6. Other Biological Properties of Genipin
7. Genipin as a Crosslinking Compound
8. Toxicity of Genipin
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Title | Publication Number and Date | Claim |
---|---|---|
Stable natural color process, products and use thereof. | USRE46695E (28 March 2008) | A method of preparing colored products from edible materials comprises processing Genipa americana fruit juice. |
Stable natural color process and products. | WO2009120579 (6 March 2009) | Colorant for beverages, and dietary supplements. |
Stable natural color comprising genipin and derivatives. | CA2718604C (15 September 2010) | A method of preparing colored products from edible materials comprises processing Genipa americana fruit juice. |
Genipin-rich substances and uses thereof. | JP2017105851A (7 November 2011) | A method of producing a genipin rich colorant from Genipa americana. |
A process for obtaining insoluble substances from genipap-extract precipitates, substances from genipap-extract precipitates and their uses. | EP2408319A1 (25 January 2012) | The precipitation of genipap extract (Genipa americana) for obtaining a substance insoluble in polar and/or non-polar media for applications in an food compositions. |
Genipin-rich material and its use. | EP3238550A1 (7 November 2012) US8945640B2 (3 November 2015) USRE46314E (21 February 2017) | A method of preparing genipin-rich materials from the fruit of Genipa americana for their use as a cross-linking agent and as a raw material to produce colors is disclosed. |
Colorant compounds derived from genipin or genipin containing materials. | US9376569 (28 June 2016) US10266698B2 (23 April 2019) | Colorant compounds and methods of its isolation from a reaction of genipin and an amine. |
Compound and Its Concentration | Length of Study | Experimental Model | Biological Properties | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genipin (2.5–1000 µM) | - | In vitro—U87MG and A172 cell lines | Anticancer action | [57] |
Geniposide and genipin (0.03–0.25 mM) Total of 31 and 62 mg/kg/day for geniposide, Total of 18 and 36 mg/kg/day for genipin | In vitro—3, 6 and 24 h In vivo—1 week | In vitro—AGS cells In vivo—C57BL/6 mice | Reducing H. pylori infections | [58] |
Genipin (500 nM–200 µM) | 24 h | In vitro—pancreatic adenocarcinoma PaCa44, PaCa3, Panc1, MiaPaCa2 and T3M4 | Anticancer action | [59] |
Genipin (10 and 75 µg/mL, 3–74 mg/kg bw/day) | In vitro—4 and 24 h In vivo—24 h | In vitro—human TP53 component human lymphoblast TK3 cells In vivo—B6C3F1 mice | Anticancer action | [60] |
Genipin (50 mg/kg) | 24 h | In vivo—red swamp crayfish P. clarkii | Antiviral action | [50] |
Genipin (20–50 µM) | 24 h | In vitro—human colorectal cancer cell lines—HCT16 and DLD-1 | Therapeutic potential with a minimal adverse effect of oxaliplatin | [46] |
Genipin (50 µM) | 24 h | In vitro—human colon cancer lines: HCT116 and HT29, human breast cancer cell line—SKBR-3, human prostate cancer cell line—DU145 | Anticancer action | [41] |
Genipin (10–200 µM, 20 and 50 mg/kg/three times/week) | In vitro—48 hIn vivo—4 weeks | In vitro—human bladder cancer cells: T24 and 5637 In vivo—BALB/c (nu/nu) mice | Anticancer action | [34] |
Genipap fruit extract (60.77 mg/g fdw—concentration of genipini) | - | In vitro—the tumor cell lines U251 (glioma), MCF-7 (breast), NCI-ADR/RES (breast expressing the multiple drug resistance phenotype), 786–0 (renal), NCI-H460 (lung, non-small cells), PC-3 (prostate), HT-29 (colon) and K562 (leukaemia) | Antioxidant and antiproliferative effect | [14] |
Genipin (25–100 mg/kg) | - | In vivo—ICR mice | Ameliorating LPS-induced hepatocellular damage | [22] |
Genipin (100 mg/kg) | - | In vivo—C57BL/6 mice | Protecting the liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury | [61] |
Genipin (5–20 µM, 1–5 mg/kg) | In vitro—24 hIn vivo—3 week | In vitro—BV2 microglia cells In vivo—ICR mice | Inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory response | [6] |
Genipin (1–400 µM, 30 mg/kg) | In vitro—72 hIn vivo—week | In vitro—human tongue squamous In vivo—BALB/c nude mice | Anticancer action | [36] |
Genipin (50 and 100 µM, 50 and 100 mg/kg) | - | In vitro—AGS gastric cancer cells In vivo—Sprague–Dawley rats | Gastroprotective effect | [24] |
Genipin (50 mg/kg) | 3 days | In vivo—C57BL/6 mice | Protecting against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury | [62] |
Genipin (50 mg/kg) | - | In vivo—mice | Hepatoprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury | [20] |
Genipin (2.5 mg/kg) | Genipin 2 h before CCl4 | In vivo—rats | Hepatoprotective effect in the presence CCl4 | [21] |
Genipin (5 and 20 mg/kg per day) | 9 weeks | In vivo—obese mice | Alleviating hepatic lipid accumulation | [23] |
Genipin (25 mg/kg) | - | In vivo—male mice | Improving reproductive health problems | [63] |
Genipin (5–100 µM) | - | In vitro—retinal pigment epithelial cells | Antioxidant activity | [29] |
Genipin (100 µM–in vitro; 30 mg/kg/day—in vivo) | - | In vitro—macrophages In vivo—infected mice | Antileishmanial effect | [47] |
Genipin (10–200 µM—in vitro; 100 mg/kg/day—in vivo) | - | In vitro—murine macrophages RAW264.7 cells In vivo—mice | Antiviral effect | [64] |
Genipin (10 and 20 mg/kg) | - | In vivo—mice | Inhibiting allergic responses | [52] |
Genipin (1%) | In vitro—myopic eyes of guinea pigs | Therapeutic potential in myopia | [56] | |
Conjugate of genipin and tacrine | - | In vitro—SH-SY5Y cells | Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (IC50 about 5.8 nM) | [27] |
The mixture of herbal combinations, containing genipin (1%) | - | In vivo—C57BL/6 mice | Therapeutic potential in the treatment of psoriasis lesions | [65] |
Genipin (50 mg/kg) and insulin (10 IU/kg) | - | In vivo—type 2 diabetic rats | Improving implant osseointegration | [27] |
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Bryś, M.; Urbańska, K.; Olas, B. Novel Findings regarding the Bioactivity of the Natural Blue Pigment Genipin in Human Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020902
Bryś M, Urbańska K, Olas B. Novel Findings regarding the Bioactivity of the Natural Blue Pigment Genipin in Human Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(2):902. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020902
Chicago/Turabian StyleBryś, Magdalena, Karina Urbańska, and Beata Olas. 2022. "Novel Findings regarding the Bioactivity of the Natural Blue Pigment Genipin in Human Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2: 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020902