Inhibition of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases by Nucleoside Inhibitors: An Illustration of the Unity and Diversity of Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Virus | Inhibitory Analog (Drug Name) |
---|---|
Order Mononegavirales (−sense RNA genome): | |
Family Paramyxoviridae | |
Parainfluenza virus (PIV) | Remdesivir [19] |
Hendra virus (HeV) | Remdesivir [19] |
Nipah virus (NiV) | Remdesivir [19] |
Family Filoviridae | |
Ebola virus (EBOV) | Remdesivir [8,9]; favipiravir [20] |
Marburg virus (MARV) | Remdesivir [21]; favipiravir [22] |
Family Pneumoviridae | |
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Remdesivir [8,9] |
Order Amarillovirales (+sense RNA genome): | |
Family Flaviviridae (NS5; processed from polyprotein) [23] | |
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Remdesivir, sofosbuvir [24] |
Dengue virus (DENV) | Cordycepin [3] |
Yellow fever virus (YFV) | Remdesivir [25] |
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) | Remdesivir [23] |
Zika virus (ZIKV) | Sofosbuvir [24] |
West Nile virus (WNV) | Sofosbuvir [26] |
Order Nidovirales (+sense RNA genome): | |
Family Coronaviridae | |
SARS-CoV | Remdesivir [12,13]; cordycepin [4]; EIDD-1931 [6] |
MERS-CoV | Remdesivir [27] |
Order Picornavirales (+sense RNA genome): | |
Family Picornaviridae | |
EV71 (+sense RNA genome) | Remdesivir [28] |
2. Major Nucleoside Analogs with an Antiviral Effect
2.1. Remdesivir: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Role
Remdesivir—Molecular Mechanism of Action
2.2. Sofosbuvir
2.2.1. Sofosbuvir: Molecular Mechanism of Action
2.2.2. Sofosbuvir: Potential Side Effect
2.3. Molnupiravir
3. Summary Rules and Future Directions
3.1. Summary Rules for Antiviral Nucleoside Design
3.2. Relevant Tissue Culture System: A Suggestion for Future Research
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Barik, S. Inhibition of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases by Nucleoside Inhibitors: An Illustration of the Unity and Diversity of Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012649
Barik S. Inhibition of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases by Nucleoside Inhibitors: An Illustration of the Unity and Diversity of Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(20):12649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012649
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarik, Sailen. 2022. "Inhibition of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases by Nucleoside Inhibitors: An Illustration of the Unity and Diversity of Mechanisms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20: 12649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012649