Attenuation of Myocardial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy Using Non-R-Wave-Synchronized Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. CSWT Has No Effect on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy
2.2. Hemodynamic Data
2.3. Echocardiographic Data
2.4. No Incidence of Arrhythmias during CSWT
2.5. Histological and Immunohistochemical Data
2.6. Cytokines Array Data
3. Discussion
3.1. Perspectives
3.2. Limitations
4. Methods and Materials
4.1. Animal Model of Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy
4.2. Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy
4.3. Echocardiographic Examination
4.4. Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment
4.5. Histological Assessment
4.6. Western Blot Analysis
4.7. Cytokine Array
4.8. Biomarker Assessment
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BP | blood pressure |
CMD | coronary microvascular dysfunction |
CSWT | cardiac shock wave therapy |
EDPVR | end-diastolic pressure–volume relationship |
ESPVR | end-systolic pressure–volume relationship |
GM-CSF | granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulation factor |
HF | heart failure |
HFpEF | heart failure with preserved ejection fraction |
IL- | interleukin- |
INFg | interferon gamma |
LV | left ventricle |
LVH | left ventricular hypertrophy |
SMA | smooth muscle actin |
TNFα | tumor necrosis factor α |
TGFβ1 | transforming growth factor β1 |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
vWF | von Willebrand factor |
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Li, F.; Zhen, Z.; Sun, S.-J.; Jiang, Y.; Liang, W.-H.; Belau, M.; Storz, R.; Liao, S.-Y.; Tse, H.-F. Attenuation of Myocardial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy Using Non-R-Wave-Synchronized Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 13274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113274
Li F, Zhen Z, Sun S-J, Jiang Y, Liang W-H, Belau M, Storz R, Liao S-Y, Tse H-F. Attenuation of Myocardial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy Using Non-R-Wave-Synchronized Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(21):13274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113274
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Fei, Zhe Zhen, Si-Jia Sun, Yu Jiang, Wei-Hao Liang, Markus Belau, Rafael Storz, Song-Yan Liao, and Hung-Fat Tse. 2022. "Attenuation of Myocardial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy Using Non-R-Wave-Synchronized Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21: 13274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113274