Involvement of NO/cGMP Signaling Pathway, Ca2+ and K+ Channels on Spasmolytic Effect of Everlasting Flower Polyphenolic Extract (Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effect of H. stoechas Extract on Spontaneous Contractions
2.2. Effect of H. stoechas Extract on Influx of Ca2+
2.3. Effect of H. stoechas Extract on the Contractions Induced by an Agonist of L-type Ca2+ Channels
2.4. Effect of H. stoechas Extract on the Contractions Induced by Other Contractile Agents
2.5. Role of NO and cGMP on the Effect of H. stoechas Extract on Spontaneous Contractions
2.6. Role of cAMP on the Effect of H. stoechas Extract on Spontaneous Contractions
2.7. Role of K+ Channels on Response of H. stoechas Extract on Spontaneous Contractions
2.8. Potential Additive Effects on Relaxation Induced by H. stoechas Extract
2.9. Role of the Rho-Kinase Pathway on the Effect of H. stoechas Extract on Spontaneous Contractions
2.10. MDA+4-HDA Content
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents, Chemicals and Plant Material
4.2. Animals
4.3. Preparation of Ileum Segments
4.4. Experimental Protocols
4.5. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-Hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA)
4.6. Analysis of Data
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HSM (mg/mL) | Amplitude (%) | Frequency (%) | V (M) | Amplitude (%) | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 100.0 ± 3.1 | 100.0 ± 1.8 | Control | 100.0 ± 3.8 | 100.0 ± 0.4 |
0.01 | 100.4 ± 4.5 | 100.9 ± 2.3 | 10−8 | 89.8 ± 3.1 | 99.1 ± 1.8 |
0.03 | 86.7 ± 7.2 | 100.0 ± 2.9 | 3·10−8 | 81.4 ± 4.7 | 94.6 ± 3.7 |
0.1 | 72.7 ± 5.8 *** | 96.5 ± 2.0 | 10−7 | 66.0 ± 4.7 *** | 93.9 ± 4.2 |
0.3 | 56.4 ± 5.3 *** | 96.4 ± 3.0 | 3·10−7 | 52.4 ± 4.2 *** | 93.0 ± 2.8 |
0.5 | 55.1 ± 1.0 *** | 89.7 ± 4.7 | 10−6 | 30.5 ± 2.9 *** | 92.1 ± 2.9 |
1 | 31.2 ± 1.0 *** | 87.2 ± 5.8 |
AUC (%) | Amplitude (%) | Frequency (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 100.0 ± 1.1 | 101.0 ± 1.0 | 100.0 ± 1.0 |
MeOH 0.000012% | 101.5 ± 1.5 | 100.6 ± 1.2 | 104.1 ± 1.1 |
MeOH 0.000036% | 101.7 ± 2.5 | 99.6 ± 1.3 | 104.5 ± 1.0 |
MeOH 0.00015% | 100.1 ± 1.2 | 99.4 ± 1.1 | 103.4 ± 1.7 |
MeOH 0.00027% | 99.0 ± 2.1 | 98.3 ± 1.3 | 99.3 ± 1.2 |
MeOH 0.00075% | 99.1 ± 1.8 | 97.4 ± 1.5 | 99.5± 1.3 |
MeOH 0.0019% | 95.8 ± 2.7 | 95.2 ± 1.2 | 98.2 ± 1.1 |
Compound | AUC |
---|---|
Control | 100 |
HSM | 58.6 ± 2.4 *** |
L-NAME+HSM | 82.5 ± 2.0 & |
TRAM-34+HSM | 85.4 ± 5.6 && |
AP+HSM | 80.7 ± 4.4 & |
TRAM-34+AP+HSM | 83.8 ± 2.0 & |
L-NAME+TRAM-34+AP+HSM | 93.2 ± 0.9 &&& |
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Valero, M.S.; López, V.; Castro, M.; Gómez-Rincón, C.; Arruebo, M.P.; Les, F.; Plaza, M.Á. Involvement of NO/cGMP Signaling Pathway, Ca2+ and K+ Channels on Spasmolytic Effect of Everlasting Flower Polyphenolic Extract (Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214422
Valero MS, López V, Castro M, Gómez-Rincón C, Arruebo MP, Les F, Plaza MÁ. Involvement of NO/cGMP Signaling Pathway, Ca2+ and K+ Channels on Spasmolytic Effect of Everlasting Flower Polyphenolic Extract (Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(22):14422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214422
Chicago/Turabian StyleValero, Marta Sofía, Víctor López, Marta Castro, Carlota Gómez-Rincón, María Pilar Arruebo, Francisco Les, and Miguel Ángel Plaza. 2022. "Involvement of NO/cGMP Signaling Pathway, Ca2+ and K+ Channels on Spasmolytic Effect of Everlasting Flower Polyphenolic Extract (Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22: 14422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214422