The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pro-Inflammatory Adipokines in Obesity and Its Complications
2.1. Leptin
2.2. Resistin
2.3. Visfatin
2.4. Chemerin
2.5. DPP4
3. Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines in Obesity and Its Complications
3.1. Adiponectin
3.2. Omentin
3.3. Isthmin 1
3.4. Nesfatin 1
4. Adipokines in Clinical Trials
4.1. Adipokines as Prognostic Markers
4.2. Adipokines as Therapeutic Targets
Intervention | Study Design | Effects |
---|---|---|
Metformin [143,144] | Individuals with metabolic syndrome without restriction in age treated with a dose of 500–3000 mg/day for 3–12 months (several studies included in systematic review) | ↑ adiponectin ↓ leptin ↓ resistin ↓ visfatin |
Dapagliflozin [146] | Patients with type 2 diabetes and class 3 obesity, 10 mg/day over a 12-month treatment period | ↓ leptin n/a adiponectin |
Vildagliptin [147] | Women with obesity and type 2 diabetes, 50 mg twice/day over a 30-day treatment period | ↓ DPP4 ↑ adiponectin |
Pioglitazone [148] | Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, 45 mg/day with 6 months of administration | ↑ adiponectin n/a leptin |
PUFAs [150] | Patients with type 2 diabetes, >8 weeks of treatment | ↑ adiponectin ↓ leptin |
Lactobacillus probiotic [151] | Subjects with BMI of 25–30 kg/m2 on a diet including 4 × 109 colony-forming units of L. plantarum for 12 weeks | ↓ leptin |
Statins [153] | Studies included in systematic review, statin administration for >2 weeks at the following doses: atorvastatin, 10–80 mg/day; simvastatin, 10–40 mg/day; rosuvastatin, 2.5–10 mg/day; pravastatin, 10–40 mg/day; pitavastatin, 2 mg/day | ↑ adiponectin |
Telmisartan [156] | Patients with arterial hypertension combined with obesity, 80 mg/day, 12-week treatment period | ↑ adiponectin |
Perindopril [157] | Overweight or obese patients with hypertension, 10 mg/day, 24-week treatment period | ↓ leptin |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Obesity-Associated Diseases | Study Design | Results |
---|---|---|
Obesity | Study of the adiponectin/leptin ratio (AdipoQ/Lep) as a biomarker of adipose tissue and metabolic function in obese individuals without diabetes. | Lower AdipoQ/Lep correlated with higher BMI, body fat mass, waist-to-height ratio, and plasma resistin and may, therefore, be an early marker for the development of insulin resistance in obese adults [128]. |
Study of resistin levels in obese Nigerian Africans. | The resistin concentration was higher in obese individuals [129]. | |
Study in control vs. obese women at baseline and after 12 weeks of following the Mediterranean diet. | Serum leptin levels were higher in obese women and weight loss was associated with a decrease in serum leptin [125]. | |
Coronary artery disease | Study of patients with coronary artery disease with isolation of adipocytes from subcutaneous, perivascular, and epicardial adipose tissue. | Decreased expression and secretion of the adiponectin gene in epicardial adipose tissue, and high level of leptin gene expression [130]. |
Study of adipokine levels in individuals with coronary artery calcium progression. | Higher leptin levels were associated with coronary artery calcium progression; no association was observed for resistin and adiponectin [131]. | |
Study of anthropometric and echocardiographic parameters and adipokine levels in Caucasian patients. | Adiponectin and resistin, but not leptin, were associated with echocardiographic parameters of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction [132]. | |
NAFLD | Study of adipokine levels in obese/overweight children and their association with the degree of hepatosteatosis. | Levels of leptin, omentin-1, and adiponectin were higher in the obese group and increased with a higher degree of hepatosteatosis [133]. |
Study of adipokines in patients without NAFLD, with steatosis and with NAFLD. | Lower plasma levels of adiponectin were associated with the presence and severity of NAFLD [134]. | |
Diabetes | Study of the factors associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes, including serum adiponectin. | In women, unlike men, a decrease in the level of adiponectin was the only significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes [135]. |
Study of the level of leptin as a biomarker for the development of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. | Higher serum leptin levels were found in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome [136]. | |
Study of the relationship of adipokines in patients with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. | The decrease in adiponectin levels and the increase in leptin, visfatin, and chemerin were more significant as BMI increased in patients with type 2 diabetes; no association of resistin with type 2 diabetes was found [41]. | |
Arterial hypertension | Study of resistin levels in patients with and without arterial hypertension. | The level of resistin did not differ significantly between patients with and without arterial hypertension [137]. |
Study of the adiponectin–resistin index as a marker of hypertension in obese patients. | The adiponectin–resistin index was strongly associated with an increased risk of obesity-related hypertension [138]. | |
Study of the relationship between leptin levels and arterial hypertension as a complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | Leptin levels in patients with arterial hypertension and in patients with type 2 diabetes were higher than in the group without hypertension [139]. |
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Kirichenko, T.V.; Markina, Y.V.; Bogatyreva, A.I.; Tolstik, T.V.; Varaeva, Y.R.; Starodubova, A.V. The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314982
Kirichenko TV, Markina YV, Bogatyreva AI, Tolstik TV, Varaeva YR, Starodubova AV. The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314982
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirichenko, Tatiana V., Yuliya V. Markina, Anastasia I. Bogatyreva, Taisiya V. Tolstik, Yurgita R. Varaeva, and Antonina V. Starodubova. 2022. "The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314982