Atherosclerosis in HIV Patients: What Do We Know so Far?
Abstract
:1. Atherosclerosis
2. Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients
3. Underlying Cellular Mechanisms
3.1. Oxidative Stress
3.2. ER Stress
3.3. NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
3.4. Autophagy Inhibition
4. Managing Atherosclerosis in HIV
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drug | Effect on Lipid Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|
Ritonavir (protease inhibitor) | HDL-C raised to 2.0 mmol/L; increased level of triglycerides in blood plasma; increased cholesterol level | [75,76,77] |
Saquinavir (protease inhibitor) | Increased HDL cholesterol levels | [75] |
Nelfinavir (protease inhibitor) | HDL-C raised to 1.2 mmol/L | [75,76] |
Indinavir (protease inhibitor) | HDL-C raised to 0.8 mmol/L | [76] |
Efavirenz (NNRTI) | Increased levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides | [78,79] |
Tenofovir alafenamide (NNRTI) | Increased LDL-C levels and HDL-C levels | [74,80,81] |
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (NNRTI) | Hypolipidemic effect | [74,80,81] |
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Poznyak, A.V.; Bezsonov, E.E.; Borisov, E.E.; Grechko, A.V.; Kartuesov, A.G.; Orekhov, A.N. Atherosclerosis in HIV Patients: What Do We Know so Far? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052504
Poznyak AV, Bezsonov EE, Borisov EE, Grechko AV, Kartuesov AG, Orekhov AN. Atherosclerosis in HIV Patients: What Do We Know so Far? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(5):2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052504
Chicago/Turabian StylePoznyak, Anastasia V., Evgeny E. Bezsonov, Evgeny E. Borisov, Andrey V. Grechko, Andrey G. Kartuesov, and Alexander N. Orekhov. 2022. "Atherosclerosis in HIV Patients: What Do We Know so Far?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5: 2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052504