Photocatalytic Degradation of 4,4′-Isopropylidenebis(2,6-dibromophenol) on Magnetite Catalysts vs. Ozonolysis Method: Process Efficiency and Toxicity Assessment of Disinfection By-Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemical Reagents and Catalysts
3.2. Catalyst Characterization
3.3. Degradation Procedure
3.3.1. Photocatalytic Degradation of TBBPA
3.3.2. Ozonolysis
3.3.3. Toxicity Tests
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reaction System Number | Degradation Process |
---|---|
1 | μ-Fe3O4 photocatalysis |
2 | n-Fe3O4 photocatalysis |
3 | ozonolysis |
Compound | EC50 (24 h), Artemia franciscana [mg dm−3] | EC50 (24 h), Thamnocephalus platyurus [mg dm−3] |
---|---|---|
TBBPA (I) | 6.243 (4.931–6.772) | 4.141 (3.47–4.61) |
BPA (II) | 34.74 (28.35–43.26) | 2.35 (2.03–3.04) |
2,6-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (III) | 34.89 (31.15–41.53) | 22.57 (19.44–28.76) |
2,6-dibromo-4-isopropylphenol (IV) | 34.01 (30.31–39.58) | 2.88 (2.64–3.23) |
2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol (V) | 35.56 (28.08–39.43) | 12.15 (11.54–15.79) |
TBBPA/μ-Fe3O4 (1) | 5.56 (4.61–6.25) | 4.748 (4.31–5.34) |
TBBPA/n-Fe3O4 (2) | 10.95 (10.40–13.36) | 2.884 (2.24–3.14) |
TBBPA/O3 (3) | 7.048 (6.14–7.82) | 4.436 (4.01–5.65) |
Compound/Removal System | Extremely Toxic (<0.1 mg dm−3) | Very Toxic (0.1–1 mg dm−3) | Toxic (1–10 mg dm−3) | Harmful (10–100 mg dm−3) | Non Toxic (>100 mg dm−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TBBPA (I) | + • | ||||
BPA (II) | • | + | |||
2,6-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (III) | + • | ||||
2,6-dibromo-4-isopropylphenol (IV) | • | + | |||
2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol (V) | + • | ||||
TBBPA/μ-Fe3O4 (1) | + • | ||||
TBBPA/n-Fe3O4 (2) | • | + | |||
TBBPA/O3 (3) | + • |
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Kisała, J.; Tomaszewska, A.; Barylyak, A.; Bobitski, Y.; Balawejder, M. Photocatalytic Degradation of 4,4′-Isopropylidenebis(2,6-dibromophenol) on Magnetite Catalysts vs. Ozonolysis Method: Process Efficiency and Toxicity Assessment of Disinfection By-Products. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073438
Kisała J, Tomaszewska A, Barylyak A, Bobitski Y, Balawejder M. Photocatalytic Degradation of 4,4′-Isopropylidenebis(2,6-dibromophenol) on Magnetite Catalysts vs. Ozonolysis Method: Process Efficiency and Toxicity Assessment of Disinfection By-Products. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(7):3438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073438
Chicago/Turabian StyleKisała, Joanna, Anna Tomaszewska, Adriana Barylyak, Yaroslav Bobitski, and Maciej Balawejder. 2022. "Photocatalytic Degradation of 4,4′-Isopropylidenebis(2,6-dibromophenol) on Magnetite Catalysts vs. Ozonolysis Method: Process Efficiency and Toxicity Assessment of Disinfection By-Products" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7: 3438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073438