Exploring the Contribution of Autophagy to the Excess-Sucrose Response in Arabidopsis thaliana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. atg Mutants Display Reduced Sensitivity to Sucrose Excess
2.2. Less Root Length Inhibition in atg Mutants under Sucrose and Glucose but Not Fructose Excess
2.3. Sucrose Excess Induces Autophagy in the Shoots but Not in Roots
2.4. No Difference in Starch Accumulation between WT and atg Mutants under Sucrose Excess
2.5. Sucrose Excess Affects the Plant Metabolome in an Autophagy-Independent Manner
2.6. Differences in Protein Levels under Sucrose Excess and between WT and atg5-1 Plants
2.7. Lack of Autophagy Results in Alterations to a Plethora of Biological Processes under High Sucrose Levels
2.8. atg Mutants Display Higher Peroxidase Activity under Sucrose Excess Compared with WT
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Lines
4.2. Plant Growth Conditions
4.3. Root Elongation Analysis
4.4. Seed Germination Analysis
4.5. Protein Extraction for Immunoblot
4.6. Immunoblot Analysis
4.7. Starch Staining
4.8. Starch Quantification
4.9. GC-MS Analysis
4.10. Protein Extraction for Shotgun Proteomics
4.11. Sample Preparation for LC-MS/MS Analysis
4.12. NanoLC-MS/MS Analysis
4.13. NanoLC-MS/M.S. Data Analysis
4.14. Proteomics and Metabolomics Data Visualization
4.15. Peroxidase Activity Assay
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Metabolite | WT | atg5-1 | atg7-2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amino acids | Aspartic acid | 2.67 ± 0.25 | 2.68 ± 0.52 | 3.58 ± 0.55 |
Arginine | 0.001 ± 0.0003 | 0.0009 ± 0.0002 | 0.003 ± 0.0007 | |
Glutamic acid | 1.70 ± 0.25 | 4.16 ± 1.25 | 3.27 ± 0.47 | |
Glycine | 3.95 ± 0.19 | 3.27 ± 0.32 | 5.06 ± 0.77 | |
Methionine | 1.60 ± 0.19 | 3.00 ± 0.50 | 3.11 ± 0.21 | |
Ornithine | 27.47 ± 3.78 | 31.02 ± 8.29 | 39.41 ± 3.85 | |
Phenylalanine | 0.61 ± 0.15 | 0.84 ± 0.19 | 0.77 ± 0.08 | |
Proline | 1.3 ± 0.77 | 0 ± 0 | 3.68 ± 0.82 | |
Serine | 4.91 ± 0.73 | 3.43 ± 0.46 | 3.40 ± 0.46 | |
Threonine | 20.24 ± 1.80 | 14.51 ± 1.86 | 15.95 ± 1.09 | |
Tyrosine | 3.07 ± 0.21 | 3.21 ± 0.50 | 5.40 ± 0.60 | |
Organic acids | Citric acid | 216.59 ± 35.00 | 274 ± 63.07 | 344.79 ± 47.37 |
Fumaric acid | 17.16 ± 0.84 | 16.63 ± 2.27 | 22.78 ± 2.45 | |
Alpha ketoglutaric acid | 7.17 ± 0.70 | 54.71 ± 22.09 | 53.68 ± 15.69 | |
Malic acid | 198.42 ± 12.77 | 174.23 ± 18.56 | 163.00 ± 17.24 | |
Succinic acid | 107.84 ± 7.01 | 58.04 ± 9.11 | 84.73 ± 11.61 | |
Sugars | Alpha arabinose | 5.15 ± 0.67 | 5.55 ± 0.82 | 6.70 ± 0.72 |
Fructose | 308.42 ± 44.90 | 345.81 ± 69.52 | 437.51 ± 45.51 | |
Glucose | 2.16 ± 0.31 | 2.54 ± 0.51 | 3.25 ± 0.38 | |
Lyxose/Xylose | 4.15 ± 1.32 | 4.50 ± 1.10 | 6.57 ± 0.72 | |
Myo inositol | 35.10 ± 5.59 | 33.40 ± 6.87 | 43.05 ± 4.49 | |
Sucrose | 387.40 ± 84.35 | 340.92 ± 69.81 | 373.64 ± 49.81 | |
Trehalose | 5.64 ± 5.64 | 453.75 ± 106.12 | 252.63 ± 33.04 | |
Others | Phosphoric acid | 6.06 ± 0.92 | 4.51 ± 0.74 | 5.55 ± 0.58 |
Biological Process | Protein Name | Fold Change (Compared to WT) | p Value (Compared to WT) |
---|---|---|---|
1%/3% | 1%/3% | ||
Hydrogen peroxide catabolic processes | Peroxidase 15 | 2.4/1.7 | 0.0179/0.0365 |
Peroxidase 23 | 1.4/1.6 | 0.2036/0.0270 | |
Peroxidase 51 | NA/1.9 | NA/0.0289 | |
Cationic amino acid transporter 2 | 2.3/1.3 | 0.0212/0.0271 | |
Tricarboxylic acid cycle | Succinyl-coA ligase, alpha subunit | 2.2/3.3 | 0.2514/0.1600 |
Citrate synthase 3 | 1.3/1.5 | 0.0067/0.0041 | |
Succinate dehydrogenase subunit 7B | 1.9/8.0 | 0.5115/0.0146 | |
Mitochondrial proteins | Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 5 | 3.4/20.9 | 0.4634/0.0255 |
Peroxisomal proteins | Citrate synthase 2 | 1.1/1.3 | 0.2547/0.0076 |
Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1.2 | 1.2/1.5 | 0.066/0.0038 | |
Coenzyme A oxidase 2 | 1.1/1.2 | 0.1495/0.0118 | |
Coenzyme A oxidase 1 | 1.2/1.3 | 0.0318/0.0075 | |
Coenzyme A oxidase 3 | 1.1/1.2 | 0.3331/0.0116 | |
Coenzyme A oxidase 4 | 1.2/1.2 | 0.0476/0.0117 | |
Fatty acid beta-oxidation-multifunctional protein 2 | 1.2/1.2 | 0.0286/0.0056 | |
Malate dehydrogenase | 1.2/1.2 | 0.0417/0.0101 | |
Long chain acyl-coA synthetase 8 | 1.3/1.4 | 0.0009/0.0026 | |
Auxin processing | IAA-amino acid hydrolase ILR1-like 4 | 1.3/1.5 | 0.0048/0.0017 |
IAA-amino acid hydrolase ILR1-like 1 | 1.6/1.4 | 0.0056/0.0034 | |
IAA-amino acid hydrolase ILR1-like 2 | 1.3/1.6 | 0.0304/0.0054 | |
Indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.17 | 1.4/1.7 | 0.0006/0.0009 | |
Sucrose-related processes | Sucrose synthase 1 | 1.3/1.7 | 0.0005/0.0370 |
Sucrose synthase 4 | 1.5/2.2 | 0.0045/0.0101 | |
Sucrose synthase 3 | 1.5/1.5 | 0.0248/0.0374 |
Biological Process | Protein Name | Fold Change (Compared to WT) 1%/3% | p Value (Compared to WT) 1%/3% |
---|---|---|---|
Auxin transport | PIN LIKE 5 (PILS5) | 1.3/0.3 | 0.4539/0.0055 |
Cell-wall responses | Expansin-A11 | 0.2/0.6 | 0.1001/0.0006 |
Expansin-A1 | 0.7/0.6 | 0.3445/0.0081 |
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Laloum, D.; Magen, S.; Soroka, Y.; Avin-Wittenberg, T. Exploring the Contribution of Autophagy to the Excess-Sucrose Response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073891
Laloum D, Magen S, Soroka Y, Avin-Wittenberg T. Exploring the Contribution of Autophagy to the Excess-Sucrose Response in Arabidopsis thaliana. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(7):3891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073891
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaloum, Daniel, Sahar Magen, Yoram Soroka, and Tamar Avin-Wittenberg. 2022. "Exploring the Contribution of Autophagy to the Excess-Sucrose Response in Arabidopsis thaliana" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7: 3891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073891