Macrophage Dysfunction in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Atherosclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- The systemic effect of proinflammatory cytokines: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ;
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- Increased adhesion of activated neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets to the vascular endothelium under the influence of neutrophil chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) or IL-8 and monocyte chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1);
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- Further activation of platelets by neutrophils/monocytes via proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) 1 and 4 and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs);
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- Activation of vascular endothelial PAR-1 by adherent neutrophils/macrophages, exacerbating systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction;
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- Chronic low-grade inflammation contributing to proatherogenic oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) modification;
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- Neutrophil effect on activated platelets with the intravascular formation of a neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), which maintains intravascular proinflammatory potential through the expression of tissue factor, endothelium-activating proteases, and histones.
2. Macrophage Polarization
3. Macrophage Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis
4. Macrophage Dysfunction and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
4.1. Macrophage M1/M2 Polarization in Rheumatoid Arthritis
4.2. Macrophage Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
4.3. Macrophage Dysfunction in Systemic Sclerosis
4.4. Macrophage and Sjögren’s Syndrome
5. Macrophages and Accelerated Atherosclerosis in ARDs
6. Antirheumatic Drugs and Macrophages
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACPAs | anticitrullinated protein antibodies |
ARDs | autoimmune rheumatic diseases |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
CAD | coronary artery disease |
CCL2 | chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 |
CHB | congenital heart block |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CSF-1 | colony-stimulating factor 1 |
CTGF | connective tissue growth factor |
CVCs | cardiovascular complications |
CVDs | cardiovascular diseases |
CVR | cardiovascular risk |
CXCL8 | chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 |
ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
GM-CSF | granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor |
GSK3b | glycogen synthase kinase 3b |
HC | healthy controls |
HSPCs | hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells |
IFN-γ | interferon-gamma |
IKKα | IκB kinase alpha |
IL | interleukin |
IRF5 | interferon regulatory factor 5 |
ITGB1 | integrin beta-1 |
JNK | C-Jun N-terminal kinase |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
LXR | liver X receptor |
M1 | classically activated macrophages |
M2 | alternatively activated macrophages |
MCP-1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 |
M-CSF | macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
MDM | monocyte-derived macrophages |
MIP-1α | macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
MP-IC | microparticles immune complexes |
NET | neutrophil extracellular trap |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa-B |
NLRP | NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 |
OA | osteoarthritis |
OC | osteoclast |
Ox-LDL | oxidized low-density lipoprotein |
PAR | proteinase-activated receptors |
RA | rheumatoid arthritis |
RANKL | receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand |
RF | rheumatoid Factor |
Sema3A | semaphorin 3A |
Siglec-1 | sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 1 |
SIR1 | silent information regulator 1 proteins |
SIRT | sirtuins |
SLE | systemic lupus erythematosus |
sPAP | systolic pulmonary artery pressure |
SSc | systemic sclerosis |
STAT6 | signal transducer and activator of transcription |
TGF-β | transforming growth factor-beta |
Th | T-helper |
TLR | toll-like receptor |
TNF-α | tumoral necrosis factor-alpha |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Gerasimova, E.V.; Popkova, T.V.; Gerasimova, D.A.; Kirichenko, T.V. Macrophage Dysfunction in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 4513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094513
Gerasimova EV, Popkova TV, Gerasimova DA, Kirichenko TV. Macrophage Dysfunction in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Atherosclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(9):4513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094513
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerasimova, Elena V., Tatiana V. Popkova, Daria A. Gerasimova, and Tatiana V. Kirichenko. 2022. "Macrophage Dysfunction in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Atherosclerosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9: 4513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094513