Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in the Current State: A Narrative Review

Gunes, Serafettin; Aizawa, Yumi; Sugashi, Takuma; Sugimoto, Masahiro; Rodrigues, Pedro Pereira

doi:10.3390/ijms23094962

Open AccessReview

Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in the Current State: A Narrative Review

by

Serafettin Gunes

¹,

Yumi Aizawa

²

,

Takuma Sugashi

²,

Masahiro Sugimoto

^2,*

and

Pedro Pereira Rodrigues

³

¹

Ph.D. Program in Health Data Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal

²

Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science Research and Development, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan

³

RISE & MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 4962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094962

Submission received: 1 April 2022 / Revised: 23 April 2022 / Accepted: 28 April 2022 / Published: 29 April 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Research on Alzheimer's Disease)

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become a problem, owing to its high prevalence in an aging society with no treatment available after onset. However, early diagnosis is essential for preventive intervention to delay disease onset due to its slow progression. The current AD diagnostic methods are typically invasive and expensive, limiting their potential for widespread use. Thus, the development of biomarkers in available biofluids, such as blood, urine, and saliva, which enables low or non-invasive, reasonable, and objective evaluation of AD status, is an urgent task. Here, we reviewed studies that examined biomarker candidates for the early detection of AD. Some of the candidates showed potential biomarkers, but further validation studies are needed. We also reviewed studies for non-invasive biomarkers of AD. Given the complexity of the AD continuum, multiple biomarkers with machine-learning-classification methods have been recently used to enhance diagnostic accuracy and characterize individual AD phenotypes. Artificial intelligence and new body fluid-based biomarkers, in combination with other risk factors, will provide a novel solution that may revolutionize the early diagnosis of AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease (AD); biomarkers; low or non-invasively; machine-learning classification

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gunes, S.; Aizawa, Y.; Sugashi, T.; Sugimoto, M.; Rodrigues, P.P. Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in the Current State: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 4962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094962

AMA Style

Gunes S, Aizawa Y, Sugashi T, Sugimoto M, Rodrigues PP. Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in the Current State: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(9):4962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094962

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gunes, Serafettin, Yumi Aizawa, Takuma Sugashi, Masahiro Sugimoto, and Pedro Pereira Rodrigues. 2022. "Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in the Current State: A Narrative Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9: 4962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094962

APA Style

Gunes, S., Aizawa, Y., Sugashi, T., Sugimoto, M., & Rodrigues, P. P. (2022). Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in the Current State: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(9), 4962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094962

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in the Current State: A Narrative Review

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