Exposure of Immunogenic Tumor Antigens in Surrendered Immunity and the Significance of Autologous Tumor Cell-Based Vaccination in Precision Medicine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Sentry of the Immune System: Immunosurveillance
2.1. Tumor Recognition and Rejection by the Immune System
2.2. Failure of Immunosurveillance Enables Cancer Progression
3. Immunoediting: How Tumors Hijack Host Immunity and Establish a Favorable Microenvironment
3.1. Recruitment of Regulatory Cells
3.1.1. Regulatory T Cells
3.1.2. Myeloid-Derived Suppressive Cells
3.1.3. Tumor-Associated Macrophages
3.2. Defective Antigen Presentation
3.2.1. Manipulation of the DC Lineage
3.2.2. Sabotage of the Machinery of Antigen Presentation
3.3. Immune Suppressive Mediators
3.4. Deletion of Tumor-Specific CTLs
4. Greater Immunogenicity of Tumors Developed in Immunodeficient Hosts
4.1. Increased Immunogenicity of Tumors Developed in Immunocompromised Hosts (Figure 3)
4.2. Differentially Expressed Profiles in Tumors Developed in Immunodeficient Hosts
4.3. Increased Antigenicity of Tumors Developed in Immunocompromised Hosts
5. The Era of Tumor Antigens in Immunotherapies
5.1. Tumor-Associated Antigens
5.2. Differentially Expressed Profiles in Tumors Developed in Immunodeficient Hosts
5.3. Tumor Cell-Based Vaccine in Current Antitumor Strategies
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phase | Interventions | Indication | Molecular Target | Efficacy | NCT Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tumor cell-derived RNA vaccines | |||||
Phase I/II | Autologous DCs transfected with patients’ tumor mRNAs | Glioblastoma | Autologous cancer stem cell mRNA | Safe, well-tolerated, and prolonged PFS | NCT00846456 |
Phase I/II | Autologous DCs transfected with patients’ tumor mRNA | Advanced malignant melanoma | Complete autologous tumor-mRNA | Safe and detectable T-cell responses in about 50% of the patients | NCT01278940 |
Personalized mutation-based vaccines | |||||
Phase I/Ib | Combined with RT (approximately 60 Gy over 6 weeks) | Glioblastoma | Synthesized personalized neo-peptides | Safe and increased neoantigen-specific T cell responses | NCT02287428 |
Phase I | Combined with poly-ICLC | Melanoma | Synthesized personalized neo-peptides | Safe, increased T cell responses, and long-term persistence of neoantigen-specific T cells | NCT01970358 |
Phase I | Combined with or without treatment with RBL001/RBL002 | Stage III or IV malignant melanoma | 10 potentially immunogenic mutated sequences per patient | Safe and well-tolerated | NCT02035956 |
Tumor-associated antigen vaccines | |||||
Phase IIb | Combined with GM-CSF | Breast cancer (including TNBC) | Her2/Neu protein (nelipepimut-S) | Safe and prolonged DFS in TNBC patients | NCT01570036 |
Phase III | Combined with IL-2 | Stage III or IV cutaneous melanoma | Gp100 | Safe, well-tolerated, and prolonged DFS | NCT00019682 |
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Ke, C.-H.; Chiu, Y.-H.; Huang, K.-C.; Lin, C.-S. Exposure of Immunogenic Tumor Antigens in Surrendered Immunity and the Significance of Autologous Tumor Cell-Based Vaccination in Precision Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010147
Ke C-H, Chiu Y-H, Huang K-C, Lin C-S. Exposure of Immunogenic Tumor Antigens in Surrendered Immunity and the Significance of Autologous Tumor Cell-Based Vaccination in Precision Medicine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(1):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010147
Chicago/Turabian StyleKe, Chiao-Hsu, Yi-Han Chiu, Kuo-Chin Huang, and Chen-Si Lin. 2023. "Exposure of Immunogenic Tumor Antigens in Surrendered Immunity and the Significance of Autologous Tumor Cell-Based Vaccination in Precision Medicine" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1: 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010147