Repeated Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (RA-tDCS) over the Left Frontal Lobe Increases Bilateral Hippocampal Cell Proliferation in Young Adult but Not Middle-Aged Female Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. RA-tDCS Does Not Differentially Impact Cell Proliferation and Cell Survival across Hemispheres
2.2. RA-tDCS Increases Cell Proliferation in Young Adult Mice but Does Not Modulate the Number of Cells That Survived 3 Weeks Post-Stimulation
2.3. RA-tDCS Has No Significant Effect on Cell Proliferation and Cell Survival in Middle-Aged Mice
2.4. RA-tDCS Stimulation Does Not Affect Cell Differentiation in Either Young Adult or Middle-Aged Female Mice
3. Discussion
3.1. The Absence of Asymmetric Effects of tDCS between the Left and the Right Hippocampus
3.2. RA-tDCS Affects Young Adult and Middle-Aged Mice Differently
3.3. The Number of New Cells in the Hippocampus of Young Adults Is Not Affected 3 Weeks after Electrical Stimulation
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Surgery
4.3. Stimulation Protocol
4.4. BrdU Administration
4.5. Tissue Preparation
4.6. Immunohistochemistry
4.7. Immunofluorescence
4.8. Image Acquisition and Analyses
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2 months | RM-ANOVA | 10 months | RM-ANOVA | ||||||||
Dorsal | Ventral | Dorsal | Ventral | ||||||||
Ipsi | Contra | Ipsi | Contra | Ipsi | Contra | Ipsi | Contra | ||||
Proliferation | Sham | 599.3 ± 46.9 | 591.8 ± 59.8 | 406.4 ± 44.3 | 432.0 ± 14.3 | Stim p < 0.001 Region p < 0.001 Hem p = 0.59 Region × Stim p < 0.05 Hem × Stim p = 0.85 Region × Hem p = 0.69 Region × Hem × Stim p = 0.91 | 148.8 ± 44.7 | 141.2 ± 48.2 | 133.3 ± 30.6 | 112.8 ± 24.8 | Stim p = 0.48 Region p = 0.44 Hem p = 0.94 Region × Stim p = 0.78 Hem × Stim p = 0.38 Region × Hem p = 0.33 Region × Hem × Stim p = 0.16 |
tDCS | 896.0 ± 67.9 | 905.5 ± 53.1 | 549.5 ± 26.5 | 577.6 ± 44.6 | 185.1 ± 32.6 | 161.6 ± 29.2 | 139.2 ± 25.3 | 186.5 ± 57.3 | |||
Survival | Sham | 461.6 ± 51.6 | 415.6 ± 45.3 | 384.7 ± 55.8 | 420.7 ± 32.8 | Stim p = 0.59 Region p = 0.20 Hem p = 0.21 Region × Stim p = 0.59 Hem × Stim p = 0.16 Region × Hem p = 0.39 Region × Hem × Stim p = 0.53 | 55.5 ± 7.0 | 58.1 ± 13.2 | 47.3 ± 11.7 | 42.0 ± 12.3 | Stim p = 0.22 Region p = 0.19 Hem p = 0.14 Region × Stim p = 0.76 Hem × Stim p = 0.08 Region × Hem p = 0.13 Region × Hem × Stim p = 0.34 |
tDCS | 444.3 ± 25.0 | 530.9 ± 49.7 | 350.3 ± 82.4 | 450.0 ± 69.5 | 56.8 ± 12.7 | 90.4 ± 21.9 | 66.0 ± 12.1 | 66.0 ± 10.5 |
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Dumontoy, S.; Ramadan, B.; Risold, P.-Y.; Pedron, S.; Houdayer, C.; Etiévant, A.; Cabeza, L.; Haffen, E.; Peterschmitt, Y.; Van Waes, V. Repeated Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (RA-tDCS) over the Left Frontal Lobe Increases Bilateral Hippocampal Cell Proliferation in Young Adult but Not Middle-Aged Female Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108750
Dumontoy S, Ramadan B, Risold P-Y, Pedron S, Houdayer C, Etiévant A, Cabeza L, Haffen E, Peterschmitt Y, Van Waes V. Repeated Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (RA-tDCS) over the Left Frontal Lobe Increases Bilateral Hippocampal Cell Proliferation in Young Adult but Not Middle-Aged Female Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(10):8750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108750
Chicago/Turabian StyleDumontoy, Stéphanie, Bahrie Ramadan, Pierre-Yves Risold, Solène Pedron, Christophe Houdayer, Adeline Etiévant, Lidia Cabeza, Emmanuel Haffen, Yvan Peterschmitt, and Vincent Van Waes. 2023. "Repeated Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (RA-tDCS) over the Left Frontal Lobe Increases Bilateral Hippocampal Cell Proliferation in Young Adult but Not Middle-Aged Female Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 10: 8750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108750