Carbon Dots in Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors: Past, Present, and Future Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Types of Nanoparticles
3. Pediatric Nanoparticle Clinical Trials
4. Carbon Dots
5. Bioimaging
6. Carbon Dot Synthesis
7. Biocompatibility
8. Crossing the Blood–Brain Barrier
9. Active Targeting
10. Future Applications
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Targeted Molecule | Function | Natural Ligand(s) | Examples of Targeting Ligand(s) Tested for Nanoparticle Delivery to Tumor Cells |
---|---|---|---|
HER2 (ErbB-2) | Receptor | Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) | KCCYSL peptide [62], LTVSPWY peptide [63] |
IL13Rα2 | Receptor | IL13 | Pep-1 [64] |
EGFR | Receptor | Several, such as EGF and neuregulin family members, as well as TGF-a | GE11 Peptide [65], anti-EGFR anti-bodies, e.g., Cetuximab [66] |
EphA2 | Receptor | Several ephrins | Ephrin-A1-mimicking peptide YTPL [67], anti-EphA2-specific antibody fragments [68] |
GD2 | Ganglioside | Not identified | Anti-GD2 antibody [69,70] |
B7H3 | Checkpoint inhibitor | IL20RA | Anti-B7H3 antibody [71] |
Drug Name | Mechanism | Chemical Structure |
---|---|---|
Panobinostat | Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, Partial rescue of H3K27M hypomethylation [82] | |
Entinostat | HDAC inhibitor, well tolerated in phase I study in pediatric patients, no dose-limiting toxicity [83] | |
Vorinostat | HDAC inhibitor, well-tolerated in children in combination with temozolomide, dose-limiting myelosuppression [84] | |
Valproic Acid | Histone hyperacetylation inducer, well tolerated in children with no dose-limiting toxicity [85] | |
5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine | DNMT methylation inhibitor (demethylating agent), proposed to suppress intratumoral heterogeneity [86] |
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Vallejo, F.A.; Sigdel, G.; Veliz, E.A.; Leblanc, R.M.; Vanni, S.; Graham, R.M. Carbon Dots in Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors: Past, Present, and Future Directions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119562
Vallejo FA, Sigdel G, Veliz EA, Leblanc RM, Vanni S, Graham RM. Carbon Dots in Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors: Past, Present, and Future Directions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(11):9562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119562
Chicago/Turabian StyleVallejo, Frederic A., Ganesh Sigdel, Eduardo A. Veliz, Roger M. Leblanc, Steven Vanni, and Regina M. Graham. 2023. "Carbon Dots in Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors: Past, Present, and Future Directions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11: 9562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119562