Electrochemical Kinetics and Detection of Paracetamol by Stevensite-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode in Biological Fluids and Pharmaceutical Formulations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Spectrochemical Characterisation of the Rhassoul Clay Mineral
2.2. Effect of the Electrode Composition and Operational Conditions
2.3. Effect of Scan Rate
2.4. Effect of pH
2.5. Electrochemical Kinetic Parameters
2.6. Effect of PCT Concentration and Calibration Plot
2.7. Validation and Practical Analytical Applications
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents
3.2. Apparatus
3.3. Preparation of Carbon Paste Electrodes
3.4. Real Sample Preparation
3.5. Standard Procedure of Measurements
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ν, V s−1 | Epa, V | Epc, V | Ea(1/2), V | Ea0 or Ea(i), V | Ea(e), V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.025 | 0.346 | 0.268 | 0.307 | 0.308 | 0.275 |
0.050 | 0.352 | 0.263 | 0.307 | 0.312 | 0.276 |
0.075 | 0.357 | 0.257 | 0.307 | 0.314 | 0.278 |
0.100 | 0.360 | 0.253 | 0.306 | 0.320 | 0.281 |
0.125 | 0.365 | 0.250 | 0.307 | 0.324 | 0.283 |
0.150 | 0.364 | 0.246 | 0.305 | 0.326 | 0.286 |
0.175 | 0.370 | 0.239 | 0.304 | 0.328 | 0.286 |
0.200 | 0.371 | 0.235 | 0.303 | 0.330 | 0.285 |
0.225 | 0.375 | 0.229 | 0.302 | 0.334 | 0.289 |
0.250 | 0.377 | 0.225 | 0.301 | 0.336 | 0.289 |
0.275 | 0.380 | 0.220 | 0.300 | 0.338 | 0.288 |
0.300 | 0.381 | 0.220 | 0.301 | 0.340 | 0.289 |
Epa, V | Epc, V | ΔEp, V (Ag/AgCl) | Electrode Type | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.368 | 0.101 | 0.267 | Graphene | [13] |
0.458 | 0.088 | 0.370 | Fe2O3 | [20] |
0.340 | 0.240 | 0.100 | TiO2 | [22] |
0.345 | 0.174 | 0.171 (SCE) | ZrO2 | [24] |
0.240 | Cu(II)-doped zeolite | [30] | ||
0.310 | 0.240 | 0.070 | Stevensite | This work |
υ, mV s−1 | k0, cm s−1 (Equation (13)) | mT, cm s−1 (Equation (15)) | ψ (Equation (16)) | k0, cm s−1 (Equation (17)) | i0, A cm−2 (Equation (18)) | Ipa, A (Theor.) | Aa, cm2 (Equation (19)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 3.44 × 10−4 | 8.25 × 10−4 | 1.46 × 100 | 6.12 × 10−3 | 1.99 × 10−5 | 2.39 × 10−6 | 1.20 × 10−1 |
50 | 6.03 × 10−4 | 1.09 × 10−3 | 8.47 × 10−1 | 5.04 × 10−3 | 3.49 × 10−5 | 4.73 × 10−6 | 1.35 × 10−1 |
75 | 8.03 × 10−4 | 1.26 × 10−3 | 5.98 × 10−1 | 4.36 × 10−3 | 4.65 × 10−5 | 6.54 × 10−6 | 1.41 × 10−1 |
100 | 9.84 × 10−4 | 1.40 × 10−3 | 4.88 × 10−1 | 4.10 × 10−3 | 5.70 × 10−5 | 8.25 × 10−6 | 1.45 × 10−1 |
125 | 1.13 × 10−3 | 1.52 × 10−3 | 4.05 × 10−1 | 3.81 × 10−3 | 6.53 × 10−5 | 9.22 × 10−6 | 1.41 × 10−1 |
150 | 1.31 × 10−3 | 1.64 × 10−3 | 3.77 × 10−1 | 3.88 × 10−3 | 7.57 × 10−5 | 1.11 × 10−5 | 1.47 × 10−1 |
175 | 1.32 × 10−3 | 1.68 × 10−3 | 2.88 × 10−1 | 3.20 × 10−3 | 7.64 × 10−5 | 1.15 × 10−5 | 1.50 × 10−1 |
200 | 1.44 × 10−3 | 1.77 × 10−3 | 2.65 × 10−1 | 3.15 × 10−3 | 8.31 × 10−5 | 1.31 × 10−5 | 1.57 × 10−1 |
225 | 1.43 × 10−3 | 1.80 × 10−3 | 2.17 × 10−1 | 2.73 × 10−3 | 8.28 × 10−5 | 1.25 × 10−5 | 1.51 × 10−1 |
250 | 1.49 × 10−3 | 1.87 × 10−3 | 1.96 × 10−1 | 2.60 × 10−3 | 8.62 × 10−5 | 1.35 × 10−5 | 1.56 × 10−1 |
275 | 1.49 × 10−3 | 1.91 × 10−3 | 1.70 × 10−1 | 2.37 × 10−3 | 8.66 × 10−5 | 1.37 × 10−5 | 1.59 × 10−1 |
300 | 1.60 × 10−3 | 1.98 × 10−3 | 1.65 × 10−1 | 2.40 × 10−3 | 9.25 × 10−5 | 1.49 × 10−5 | 1.61 × 10−1 |
Electrode Type | LOD | LOQ | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
HPLC-PDA (FTIR-derivative) | 13.0 μM (137.5 μM) | 27.7 μM (458.3 μM) | [5] |
HPLC-PDA | 2.05 μM | 6.28 μM | [6] |
RP-HPLC-PDA (RP-HPLC-Fl) | 0.2 μg mL−1 (0.1 μg mL−1) | 0.8 μg mL−1 | [7] |
Copper zinc ferrite NPs/CPE | 0.0885 μM | [10] | |
Graphene/GCE | 0.032 μM | [13] | |
Pyrolytic carbon films | 1.4 μM | [15] | |
GO/poly (Val)/CPE | 0.29 μM | 0.96 μM | [16] |
Poly (3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/GCE | 0.40 μM | [17] | |
Nevirapine/CPE | 0.77 μM | [18] | |
CdO/CPE | 0.07 μM | 0.1 μM | [19] |
Fe2O3/CPE | 1.16 μM | [20] | |
TiO2-WO3/CPE | 10.18 nM | 34.32 nM | [21] |
TiO2/CPE | 5.2 µM | 18 µM | [22] |
ZnO/functionalise MWCNT/CPE | 0.23 μM | 0.79 μM | [23] |
Zirconium Oxide/CPE | 0.68 μM | [24] | |
MgO/CPE | 6.2 μM | 20.9 μM | [25] |
Bismuth oxide and oxynitrate heterostructures/SPE | 3.64 μM | [26] | |
SnO2/CuS, SnO2/SnS, Cu@SnO2/SnS/CPE | 0.06 μM | [29] | |
Copper(II) doped zeolite/CPE | 0.1 μM | [30] | |
Zeolite/CPE | 0.04 μM | [31] | |
Safranin/CPE | 0.47 μM | [32] | |
Clay/CPE | 0.00527 μM | [33] | |
Nano-sepiolite clay-multiwall carbon nanotubes (Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O)-(MWCNT)/CPE | 0.018 μM | [34] | |
Clay/CPE | 0.14 μM | 0.47 μM | [35] |
Clay/CPE | 0.0104 μM | [36] | |
Nano-clay/CPE | 3.71 μM | [38] | |
Stevensite/CPE | 0.2 μM | 0.5 μM | This work |
Samples | Cd (PCT), μM | Ca (PCT), μM | Cf (PCT), μM | Recovery [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pharmaceutical formulation Parantal (500 mg per tablet) | 10 | 0 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 84.4 |
5 | 16.0 ± 0.8 | 106.7 | ||
10 | 20.6 ± 0.9 | 103.0 | ||
25 | 0 | 24.8 ± 0.9 | 99.3 | |
10 | 35.5 ± 0.3 | 101.4 | ||
25 | 47.0 ± 0.7 | 94.1 | ||
Pharmaceutical formulation Doliprane (1000 mg per tablet) | 10 | 0 | 11.0 ± 0.4 | 110.1 |
5 | 13.9 ± 0.9 | 92.4 | ||
10 | 17.5 ± 0.5 | 87.6 | ||
25 | 0 | 25.8 ± 0.2 | 103.2 | |
10 | 37.2 ± 0.3 | 106.4 | ||
25 | 50.6 ± 0.6 | 101.3 | ||
Serum samples | - | 0 | 0 | - |
10 | 8.5 ± 0.0 | 85.3 | ||
30 | 27.9 ± 0.0 | 93.0 | ||
50 | 44.8 ± 0.0 | 89.5 |
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Gharous, M.; Bounab, L.; Pereira, F.J.; Choukairi, M.; López, R.; Aller, A.J. Electrochemical Kinetics and Detection of Paracetamol by Stevensite-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode in Biological Fluids and Pharmaceutical Formulations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 11269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411269
Gharous M, Bounab L, Pereira FJ, Choukairi M, López R, Aller AJ. Electrochemical Kinetics and Detection of Paracetamol by Stevensite-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode in Biological Fluids and Pharmaceutical Formulations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(14):11269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411269
Chicago/Turabian StyleGharous, Moaad, Loubna Bounab, Fernando J. Pereira, Mohamed Choukairi, Roberto López, and A. Javier Aller. 2023. "Electrochemical Kinetics and Detection of Paracetamol by Stevensite-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode in Biological Fluids and Pharmaceutical Formulations" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14: 11269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411269