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Review

Mechanism of Androgen-Independent Stromal Proliferation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

by
Junya Hata
*,
Yuki Harigane
,
Kanako Matsuoka
,
Hidenori Akaihata
,
Kei Yaginuma
,
Satoru Meguro
,
Seiji Hoshi
,
Yuichi Sato
,
Soichiro Ogawa
,
Motohide Uemura
and
Yoshiyuki Kojima
Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(14), 11634; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411634
Submission received: 19 June 2023 / Revised: 14 July 2023 / Accepted: 16 July 2023 / Published: 19 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Immunology of the Male Reproductive System)
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Abstract

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a chronic proliferative disease showing stromal-dominant proliferation. However, the detailed proliferation mechanism has remained unclear. Although aging and androgen have been reported as definitive risk factors for BPH, recent studies have focused on the involvement of androgen-independent factors. Androgen-independent factors include ischemia, oxidative stress, metabolic syndrome, infection, autoimmune reactions, and inflammation, with inflammation in BPH tissues playing a central role in the BPH proliferative process. Inflammation in BPH tissues by various factors finally leads to tissue remodeling and stromal proliferation through the wound healing process of the prostate. To elucidate the proliferative mechanism of BPH, a study using whole-genome gene expression analysis in a stromal-dominant BPH rat model was performed and showed that immune response-related pathways and complement classical pathways are activated. Furthermore, expression analysis using this BPH rat model showed that the autoimmune reaction triggered complement pathway activation in the proliferative process of BPH. BPH is a multifactorial disease, and understanding the role of androgen-independent factors including immune responses contributes to elucidating the pathogenesis of BPH. Androgen-independent factors may lead to new therapeutic targets for BPH, and further development of this research is expected.
Keywords: benign prostatic hyperplasia; stromal proliferation; androgen independent; autoimmune reaction benign prostatic hyperplasia; stromal proliferation; androgen independent; autoimmune reaction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hata, J.; Harigane, Y.; Matsuoka, K.; Akaihata, H.; Yaginuma, K.; Meguro, S.; Hoshi, S.; Sato, Y.; Ogawa, S.; Uemura, M.; et al. Mechanism of Androgen-Independent Stromal Proliferation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 11634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411634

AMA Style

Hata J, Harigane Y, Matsuoka K, Akaihata H, Yaginuma K, Meguro S, Hoshi S, Sato Y, Ogawa S, Uemura M, et al. Mechanism of Androgen-Independent Stromal Proliferation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(14):11634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411634

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hata, Junya, Yuki Harigane, Kanako Matsuoka, Hidenori Akaihata, Kei Yaginuma, Satoru Meguro, Seiji Hoshi, Yuichi Sato, Soichiro Ogawa, Motohide Uemura, and et al. 2023. "Mechanism of Androgen-Independent Stromal Proliferation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14: 11634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411634

APA Style

Hata, J., Harigane, Y., Matsuoka, K., Akaihata, H., Yaginuma, K., Meguro, S., Hoshi, S., Sato, Y., Ogawa, S., Uemura, M., & Kojima, Y. (2023). Mechanism of Androgen-Independent Stromal Proliferation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(14), 11634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411634

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