The Ferritin, Hepcidin and Cytokines Link in the Diagnoses of Iron Deficiency Anaemia during Pregnancy: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Iron and Pregnancy
Iron Transport: Maternal to Placenta to Foetus
1.2. Iron Deficiency Anaemia
1.3. Diagnosis
1.4. Inflammation and Cytokines
1.5. Treatment
1.6. Oral Iron Treatments
1.7. ACI Treatment
1.8. Intravenous (IV) Iron Therapy
1.9. Iron Replacement Alternatives
1.10. Hepcidin Agonists and Antagonists
2. Conclusions
- How do specific pregnancy pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines affect iron metabolism in iron deficiency anaemia?
- Because cytokines work in a dynamic system, what cytokine combination can be revealed per individual that can predict treatment responses?
- Which combination of tests gives reliable ratios to predict iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy?
- How can we standardise serum ferritin and hepcidin reference ranges?
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chibanda, Y.; Brookes, M.; Churchill, D.; Al-Hassi, H. The Ferritin, Hepcidin and Cytokines Link in the Diagnoses of Iron Deficiency Anaemia during Pregnancy: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713323
Chibanda Y, Brookes M, Churchill D, Al-Hassi H. The Ferritin, Hepcidin and Cytokines Link in the Diagnoses of Iron Deficiency Anaemia during Pregnancy: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(17):13323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713323
Chicago/Turabian StyleChibanda, Yvonne, Matthew Brookes, David Churchill, and Hafid Al-Hassi. 2023. "The Ferritin, Hepcidin and Cytokines Link in the Diagnoses of Iron Deficiency Anaemia during Pregnancy: A Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17: 13323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713323