Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Nephropathy Complications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Plasma Levels of NO, eNOS and iNOS
2.2. Assessment of Oxidative Stress by Measuring the MDA, ROS and 8-Iso-prostaglandin Levels
2.3. Levels of Protein Carbonyl and Advanced Glycation End Products, as Suitable Surrogate Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage in Plasma Samples Diabetic Patients
2.4. Antioxidant Enzymes’ Activities (SOD, CAT and GPx) in Patients with DN
2.5. The Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Subjects
4.3. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Study
4.3.1. Evaluation of the ROS Product Levels
4.3.2. Evaluation of the •NO Radical Levels
4.4. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
4.5. Spectrophotometric Determination of Lipid Peroxidation Products—Malondialdehyde (MDA)
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Controls (n = 36) | DMT2N0 with Normal Renal Function (n = 21), Stage 1 | DMT2N1 with Mild-to-Moderate Renal Failure (n = 43), Stage 3a | DMT2N2 with Moderate-to-Severe Renal Failure (n = 47), Stage 3b |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 41.25 ± 7.78 | 51.27 ± 6.07 | 54.41 ± 5.74 | 56.68 ± 8.91 |
Sex (M/F) | 14 M/24 F | 10 M/11 F | 10 M/13 F | 14 M/10 F |
Disease duration | - | 10.7 ± 7.3 | 12.7 ± 8.6 | 14.8 ± 6.1 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.07 ± 3.52 | 32.11 ± 5.44 | 33.56 ± 6.21 | 34.76 ± 6.14 |
Blood sugar (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 4.98 ± 0.32 | 8.05 ± 5.11 | 9.55 ± 4.89 | 9.82 ± 5.41 |
HbA1C% | 5.69 ± 0.44 | 6.37 ± 0.85 | 9.87 ± 1.27 | 9.99 ± 1.98 |
GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 110.08 ± 9.32 | 95.66 ± 5.60 | 49.83 ± 2.57 | 36.95 ±4.50 |
UAE (mg/day) | 1.20 ± 035 | 21.80 ± 1.7 | 213.55 ± 6.85 | 651.08 ± 8.92 |
FBC (mmol/L) | 5.31 ± 0.28 | 6.43 ± 0.89 | 12.72 ± 5.15 | 5.47± 0.6 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.17 ± 0.3 | 5.01 ± 0.7 | 5.47 ± 0.6 | 5.47 ± 0.6 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.31 ± 0.15 | 2.13 ± 0.2 | 2.65 ± 0.2 | 3.01 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 0.91 ± 0.019 | 1.19 ± 0.04 | 1.32 ± 0.05 | 1.33 ± 0.01 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.03 ± 0.11 | 2.72 ± 0.24 | 2.96 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.5 |
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Goycheva, P.; Petkova-Parlapanska, K.; Georgieva, E.; Karamalakova, Y.; Nikolova, G. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Nephropathy Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713541
Goycheva P, Petkova-Parlapanska K, Georgieva E, Karamalakova Y, Nikolova G. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Nephropathy Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(17):13541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713541
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoycheva, Petya, Kamelia Petkova-Parlapanska, Ekaterina Georgieva, Yanka Karamalakova, and Galina Nikolova. 2023. "Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Nephropathy Complications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17: 13541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713541