Three/Four-Dimensional Printed PLA Nano/Microstructures: Crystallization Principles and Practical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Crystallization Principles
2.1. Nucleation of Crystals
2.1.1. Nucleation Theory Concept
2.1.2. Homogeneous Nucleation and Heterogeneous Nucleation
2.1.3. Self-Nucleation
2.1.4. Flow-Induced Nucleation
2.2. Growth of Crystals
2.2.1. General Description of Crystal Growth
2.2.2. Solution Crystallization and Melt Crystallization
2.2.3. Kinetics of Crystallization
2.3. Crystal Structure of PLA
3. Three/Four-Dimensional Printing Technologies
Categories | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Direct ink printing |
|
| [66,67] |
Fused deposition modeling |
|
| [68,69,70,71] |
Stereolithography |
|
| [72] |
Digital light processing |
|
| [73,74] |
Inkjet printing |
|
| [75,76] |
3.1. Direct Ink Writing
3.2. Fused Deposition Modeling
3.3. Stereolithography
3.4. Direct Light Processing
3.5. Inkjet Printing
4. Crystallization-Controlled 3D/4D Printed PLA Properties
4.1. Mechanical Properties
4.2. Barrier Property
5. Practical Applications
5.1. Bio-Inspired Structures
5.2. Flexible Electronics
5.3. Biomedical Engineering
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhou, Y.; Chen, J.; Liu, X.; Xu, J. Three/Four-Dimensional Printed PLA Nano/Microstructures: Crystallization Principles and Practical Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813691
Zhou Y, Chen J, Liu X, Xu J. Three/Four-Dimensional Printed PLA Nano/Microstructures: Crystallization Principles and Practical Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(18):13691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813691
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Yufeng, Jingbo Chen, Xuying Liu, and Jianwei Xu. 2023. "Three/Four-Dimensional Printed PLA Nano/Microstructures: Crystallization Principles and Practical Applications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18: 13691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813691