Performance of Zr-Based Metal–Organic Framework Materials as In Vitro Systems for the Oral Delivery of Captopril and Ibuprofen
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. FT-IR
2.2. Thermal Stability
2.3. Textural Characterization of Zr-MOFs by Nitrogen Sorption Method
2.4. SANS (Small-Angle Neutron Scattering)
2.5. X-ray Diffraction
2.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.7. Drug Loading
2.8. Drug Release
2.8.1. Captopril Release from Zr-MOF1-CP Sample Material Synthetized Using the Chemical Method
2.8.2. Ibuprofen Release from Zr-MOF2-IBU
2.8.3. Captopril Release Using the Dialysis Membrane from Zr-MOF3-CP
2.9. Kinetics Models Applied for the First Hours of Release
3. Discussion
3.1. Drug Loading
3.2. Drug Release
3.3. Kinetic Modelling
3.4. The Biosafety of Zr4+, Terephthalic Acid and the Resulted Zr-MOF
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Synthesis
4.1.1. Chemical Synthesis Procedure
4.1.2. Solvothermal Method of Synthesis
4.2. Characterization
4.3. Drug Loading and Release Procedures
4.3.1. Chemicals for Captopril Loading and Release Procedure
4.3.2. Captopril Loaded by Adsorption
4.3.3. In Vitro Captopril Release Procedures
4.3.4. Captopril Release Procedure Using the Dialysis Membrane (Regenerate Cellulose Tubular Membrane Zellu Trans MWCO: 12,000–14,000; Pore Size = 25 Å; Wall Thickness = 40 µm; Karlsruhe, Germany)
4.3.5. Chemicals for Ibuprofen Loading and Release Procedure
4.3.6. Ibuprofen Loaded by Adsorption
4.3.7. In Vitro Ibuprofen Release Procedures
4.3.8. Solutions Prepared for the Drug Loading and Release Experiments
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Surface Area, BET, m2/g | Pore Size Distribution, BJH Ads, nm | Pore Size Distribution BJH Des, nm | Pore Width, DFT, nm | Average Pore Size, nm | Total Pore Volume, cm3/g | Micropore Surface Area, m2/g | Total Micropore Volume, cm3/g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zr-MOF1 | 1123 | 3.09 | 24.36 | 1.77 | 3.78 | 1.06 | 904 | 0.38 |
Zr-MOF2 | 912 | 3.47 | 3.28 | 2.35 | 4.04 | 0.92 | 678 | 0.29 |
Zr-MOF3 | 731 | 3.41 | 12.50 | 2.19 | 3.91 | 0.71 | 482 | 0.20 |
Drug Loading | Drug Release | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drug Used for Entrapment | Drug Effectively Entrapped | Loading Efficiency (%) | Loading Capacity (mg Drug/g of Carrier) | Calibration Curve | Release Buffer | Cumulative Drug Release |
Captopril | ||||||
Captopril 200 mg | 199.56 mg | 99.78 | 997.8 | HCl buffer pH = 1.2 | HCl buffer pH = 1.2 | 15.9% (in 23.5 h) |
Captopril 200 mg | 199.612 mg | 99.8 | 998.08 | NaCl 0.9% | Phosphate Buffer pH = 7.4 | 31.38% (in 23.5 h) |
Ibuprofen | ||||||
55 mg | 53.1565 mg | 96.65 | 65.46 | NaCl 0.9% | Phosphate Buffer pH = 7.4 | 65.62% (in 6.17 h) |
Captopril (calculated for the dialysis experiment) | ||||||
199.9 mg | 198.9198 mg | 99.51 | 994.6 | HCl buffer pH = 1.2 | HCl buffer pH = 1.2 | 99.51% (in 1.5 h) |
NaCl 0.9% | Phosphate Buffer pH = 7.4 | 75.29% (in 23.5 h) |
Sample | Time of Release (h) | % of Captopril Release | |
---|---|---|---|
pH = 1.2 | pH = 7.4 | ||
Zr-MOF1-CP | 5.6 h | 15.72 | 30.08 |
Zr-MOF1-CP | 23.25 h | 15.94 | 31.38 |
Sample | Time of Release (h) | % of Ibuprofen Release pH = 7.4 |
---|---|---|
Zr-MOF2-IBU | 5.6 h | 64.54 |
Zr-MOF2-IBU | 6.17 h | 65.62 |
Sample | Time of Release (h) | % of Captopril Release | |
---|---|---|---|
pH = 1.2 | pH = 7.4 | ||
Zr-MOF3-CP | 1.5 h | 99.51 | - |
Zr-MOF3-CP | 5.6 h | - | 75.29 |
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Cretu, C.; Nicola, R.; Marinescu, S.-A.; Picioruș, E.-M.; Suba, M.; Duda-Seiman, C.; Len, A.; Illés, L.; Horváth, Z.E.; Putz, A.-M. Performance of Zr-Based Metal–Organic Framework Materials as In Vitro Systems for the Oral Delivery of Captopril and Ibuprofen. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813887
Cretu C, Nicola R, Marinescu S-A, Picioruș E-M, Suba M, Duda-Seiman C, Len A, Illés L, Horváth ZE, Putz A-M. Performance of Zr-Based Metal–Organic Framework Materials as In Vitro Systems for the Oral Delivery of Captopril and Ibuprofen. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(18):13887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813887
Chicago/Turabian StyleCretu, Carmen, Roxana Nicola, Sorin-Alin Marinescu, Elena-Mirela Picioruș, Mariana Suba, Corina Duda-Seiman, Adel Len, Levente Illés, Zsolt Endre Horváth, and Ana-Maria Putz. 2023. "Performance of Zr-Based Metal–Organic Framework Materials as In Vitro Systems for the Oral Delivery of Captopril and Ibuprofen" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18: 13887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813887