Ozonated Oil in Liposome Eyedrops Reduces the Formation of Biofilm, Selection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, and Adhesion of Bacteria to Human Corneal Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Antimicrobial Activity
2.2. Antibiofilm Activity
2.3. Antibiotic Resistance Evaluation
2.4. Bacteria Adhesion Test
2.5. Ophthalmologic Solution Resistance Evaluation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Antimicrobial Activity
4.2. Antibiofilm Effect of Using Crystal Violet (CV) Assay
4.2.1. Effect on Biofilm Formation Ability
4.2.2. Effect on Established Biofilms
4.2.3. Assessment of Biofilm Biomass
4.3. Antibiotic Susceptibility Test
4.4. Cytotoxicity Assay
4.5. Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) Assay
4.6. Bacteria Adhesion Test
4.7. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacterial Strain | Ozonated Oil Ophthalmic Solution | PVP-I Ophthalmic Solution | Chlorhexidine Ophthalmic Solution |
---|---|---|---|
E. coli (ATCC 8739) | 25% | 100% | 100% |
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) | 50% | 100% | 100% |
S. aureus (ATCC 6538) | 12.5% | 50% | 12.5% |
MRSA (ATCC 33591) | 25% | 50% | 25% |
S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | 12.5% | 50% | 12.5% |
Antibiotics | P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) | S. aureus (ATCC 6538) | MRSA (ATCC 33591) |
---|---|---|---|
Aminoglycosides (gentamycin, tobramycin, neomycin) | 5.5% | 6.2% | 100.0% |
Chloramphenicol | 45.5% | 5.0% | 41.7% |
Macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin) | 63.6% | 30.8% | 100.0% |
Quinolones (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, besifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin) | 19.2% | 5.0% | 76.0% |
Tetracyclines | 54.5% | 6.4% | 25.0% |
Ophthalmic Solution | P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) (CFU) | S. aureus (ATCC 6538) (CFU) | MRSA (ATCC 33591) (CFU) |
---|---|---|---|
Ozonated sunflower oil | 1.7 × 103 | 2.1 × 103 | 1.9 × 103 |
PVP-I | 5.5 × 104 | 4.6 × 104 | 5.1 × 104 |
Chlorhexidine | 3.2 × 104 | 2.2 × 104 | 5.2 × 104 |
Bacterial Strain | Ozonated Oil Ophthalmic Solution | PVP-I Ophthalmic Solution | Chlorhexidine Ophthalmic Solution |
---|---|---|---|
E. coli (ATCC 8739) | 25% | 100% | 100% |
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) | 50% | 100% | 100% |
S. aureus (ATCC 6538) | 12.5% | 50% | 12.5% |
MRSA (ATCC 33591) | 25% | 50% | 25% |
S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | 12.5% | 50% | 12.5% |
Solutions | P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) | S. aureus (ATCC 6538) |
---|---|---|
LB | 5.7 × 104 | 5.5 × 104 |
LB + 1% Triton X-100 | 5.8 × 104 | 5.6 × 104 |
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Gentili, V.; Strazzabosco, G.; Salgari, N.; Mancini, A.; Rizzo, S.; Beltrami, S.; Schiuma, G.; Casciano, F.; Alogna, A.; Passarella, D.; et al. Ozonated Oil in Liposome Eyedrops Reduces the Formation of Biofilm, Selection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, and Adhesion of Bacteria to Human Corneal Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814078
Gentili V, Strazzabosco G, Salgari N, Mancini A, Rizzo S, Beltrami S, Schiuma G, Casciano F, Alogna A, Passarella D, et al. Ozonated Oil in Liposome Eyedrops Reduces the Formation of Biofilm, Selection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, and Adhesion of Bacteria to Human Corneal Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(18):14078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814078
Chicago/Turabian StyleGentili, Valentina, Giovanni Strazzabosco, Niccolò Salgari, Alessandra Mancini, Sabrina Rizzo, Silvia Beltrami, Giovanna Schiuma, Fabio Casciano, Andrea Alogna, Daniela Passarella, and et al. 2023. "Ozonated Oil in Liposome Eyedrops Reduces the Formation of Biofilm, Selection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, and Adhesion of Bacteria to Human Corneal Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18: 14078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814078