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Review

Immune Regulation of Seminal Plasma on the Endometrial Microenvironment: Physiological and Pathological Conditions

by
Qiuzi Shen
1,†,
Xiaoyu Wu
1,†,
Jin Chen
1,
Chao He
1,
Zehao Wang
2,
Boyan Zhou
1,* and
Huiping Zhang
1,*
1
Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
2
School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(19), 14639; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914639
Submission received: 1 September 2023 / Revised: 23 September 2023 / Accepted: 26 September 2023 / Published: 27 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)
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Abstract

Seminal plasma (SP) accounts for more than 90% of semen volume. It induces inflammation, regulates immune tolerance, and facilitates embryonic development and implantation in the female reproductive tract. In the physiological state, SP promotes endometrial decidualization and causes changes in immune cells such as macrophages, natural killer cells, regulatory T cells, and dendritic cells. This leads to the secretion of cytokines and chemokines and also results in the alteration of miRNA profiles and the expression of genes related to endometrial tolerance and angiogenesis. Together, these changes modulate the endometrial immune microenvironment and contribute to implantation and pregnancy. However, in pathological situations, abnormal alterations in SP due to advanced age or poor diet in men can interfere with a woman’s immune adaptation to pregnancy, negatively affecting embryo implantation and even the health of the offspring. Uterine pathologies such as endometriosis and endometritis can cause the endometrium to respond negatively to SP, which can further contribute to pathological progress and interfere with conception. The research on the mechanism of SP in the endometrium is conducive to the development of new targets for intervention to improve reproductive outcomes and may also provide new ideas for semen-assisted treatment of clinical infertility.
Keywords: seminal plasma; endometrium; immune cell; cytokines; immune tolerance; embryo implantation; pregnancy seminal plasma; endometrium; immune cell; cytokines; immune tolerance; embryo implantation; pregnancy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Shen, Q.; Wu, X.; Chen, J.; He, C.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, B.; Zhang, H. Immune Regulation of Seminal Plasma on the Endometrial Microenvironment: Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14639. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914639

AMA Style

Shen Q, Wu X, Chen J, He C, Wang Z, Zhou B, Zhang H. Immune Regulation of Seminal Plasma on the Endometrial Microenvironment: Physiological and Pathological Conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(19):14639. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914639

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shen, Qiuzi, Xiaoyu Wu, Jin Chen, Chao He, Zehao Wang, Boyan Zhou, and Huiping Zhang. 2023. "Immune Regulation of Seminal Plasma on the Endometrial Microenvironment: Physiological and Pathological Conditions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19: 14639. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914639

APA Style

Shen, Q., Wu, X., Chen, J., He, C., Wang, Z., Zhou, B., & Zhang, H. (2023). Immune Regulation of Seminal Plasma on the Endometrial Microenvironment: Physiological and Pathological Conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(19), 14639. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914639

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