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Review

COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction

by
Ekaterina Georgieva
1,*,
Julian Ananiev
1,
Yovcho Yovchev
2,
Georgi Arabadzhiev
2,
Hristo Abrashev
3,
Despina Abrasheva
4,
Vasil Atanasov
5,
Rositsa Kostandieva
5,
Mitko Mitev
6,
Kamelia Petkova-Parlapanska
7,
Yanka Karamalakova
7,
Iliana Koleva-Korkelia
8,
Vanya Tsoneva
9 and
Galina Nikolova
7,*
1
Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Deontology and Dermatovenerology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
2
Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, University Hospital “Prof. Dr. St. Kirkovich”, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
3
Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
4
II Department of Internal Medicine Therapy: Cardiology, Rheumatology, Hematology and Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
5
Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Military Medical Academy, 3 G. Sofiiski, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
6
Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital “Prof. Dr. St. Kirkovich”, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
7
Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
8
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic, University Hospital “Prof. St. Kirkovich”, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
9
Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(19), 14876; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914876
Submission received: 9 September 2023 / Revised: 28 September 2023 / Accepted: 28 September 2023 / Published: 4 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Human Diseases)
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Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 infection, discovered and isolated in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, causes acute atypical respiratory symptoms and has led to profound changes in our lives. COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of complications, which include pulmonary embolism, thromboembolism and arterial clot formation, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, multiorgan failure, and more. The disease has caused a worldwide pandemic, and despite various measures such as social distancing, various preventive strategies, and therapeutic approaches, and the creation of vaccines, the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) still hides many mysteries for the scientific community. Oxidative stress has been suggested to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and determining free radical levels in patients with coronavirus infection may provide an insight into disease severity. The generation of abnormal levels of oxidants under a COVID-19-induced cytokine storm causes the irreversible oxidation of a wide range of macromolecules and subsequent damage to cells, tissues, and organs. Clinical studies have shown that oxidative stress initiates endothelial damage, which increases the risk of complications in COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 or long-COVID-19 cases. This review describes the role of oxidative stress and free radicals in the mediation of COVID-19-induced mitochondrial and endothelial dysfunction.
Keywords: COVID-19; ROS; RNS; endothelial damage; mitochondrial dysfunction; oxidative stress; inflammation COVID-19; ROS; RNS; endothelial damage; mitochondrial dysfunction; oxidative stress; inflammation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Georgieva, E.; Ananiev, J.; Yovchev, Y.; Arabadzhiev, G.; Abrashev, H.; Abrasheva, D.; Atanasov, V.; Kostandieva, R.; Mitev, M.; Petkova-Parlapanska, K.; et al. COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914876

AMA Style

Georgieva E, Ananiev J, Yovchev Y, Arabadzhiev G, Abrashev H, Abrasheva D, Atanasov V, Kostandieva R, Mitev M, Petkova-Parlapanska K, et al. COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(19):14876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914876

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georgieva, Ekaterina, Julian Ananiev, Yovcho Yovchev, Georgi Arabadzhiev, Hristo Abrashev, Despina Abrasheva, Vasil Atanasov, Rositsa Kostandieva, Mitko Mitev, Kamelia Petkova-Parlapanska, and et al. 2023. "COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19: 14876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914876

APA Style

Georgieva, E., Ananiev, J., Yovchev, Y., Arabadzhiev, G., Abrashev, H., Abrasheva, D., Atanasov, V., Kostandieva, R., Mitev, M., Petkova-Parlapanska, K., Karamalakova, Y., Koleva-Korkelia, I., Tsoneva, V., & Nikolova, G. (2023). COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(19), 14876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914876

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