How Nitric Oxide Hindered the Search for Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Human Blood Substitutes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. NO Scavenging: The Difficult Co-Existence of NO with Hb
2.1. The Reaction of Hb with NO
2.2. RBC Hb and NO Scavenging
2.3. NO Signaling
2.4. NO Signaling in the Presence of HBOCs
2.5. Nitrite Reductase Activity as a Mechanism of Vascular Control
3. Main Problems Associated with HBOC Infusion: A View from NO
3.1. Systemic Effects
3.2. Inflammation
3.3. Coagulopathy
3.4. Oxidative Stress
3.5. O2 Carrying Function
4. Protein Engineering
4.1. Stabilizing the Hb Tetramers
4.2. Hb Polymerization
4.3. Hb Conjugation
4.4. Recombinant Hb
4.5. Polynitroxylated Hb
4.6. Microencapsulation
4.7. Earthworms and Marine Worm Erythrocruorin
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
References
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Samaja, M.; Malavalli, A.; Vandegriff, K.D. How Nitric Oxide Hindered the Search for Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Human Blood Substitutes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14902. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914902
Samaja M, Malavalli A, Vandegriff KD. How Nitric Oxide Hindered the Search for Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Human Blood Substitutes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(19):14902. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914902
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamaja, Michele, Ashok Malavalli, and Kim D. Vandegriff. 2023. "How Nitric Oxide Hindered the Search for Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Human Blood Substitutes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19: 14902. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914902