Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Zinc Oxide-Based Z-Scheme and S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts for the Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure of g-C3N4
3. Synthesis of g-C3N4
Synthetic Pathways of g-C3N4
4. Morphologies of g-C3N4
4.1. Bulky g-C3N4
4.2. Porous g-C3N4
4.3. Spherical g-C3N4
4.4. Nanosheets and Nanofilms of g-C3N4
4.5. One-Dimensional g-C3N4 Nanostructures
4.6. Zero-Dimensional g-C3N4 Nanostructures
5. Heterojunction Photocatalysts
5.1. Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
5.1.1. Traditional Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
5.1.2. All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
5.1.3. Direct Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
5.1.4. Double Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
5.2. Step-Scheme (S-Scheme) Heterojunction Photocatalysts
6. Formation of g-C3N4/ZnO-Based Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
6.1. Formation of g-C3N4/ZnO-Based All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
6.2. Formation of g-C3N4/ZnO-Based Direct Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
6.2.1. Formation of Binary g-C3N4/ZnO-Based Direct Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
6.2.2. Formation of Ternary g-C3N4/ZnO-Based Direct Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
6.2.3. Formation of Metal/Non-Metal-Doped g-C3N4/ZnO-Based Direct Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Formation of Metal-Doped g-C3N4/ZnO-Based Direct Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Formation of Non-Metal-Doped g-C3N4/ZnO-Based Direct Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
7. Formation of g-C3N4/ZnO-Based Double Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
8. Formation of g-C3N4/ZnO-Based S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts
9. Conclusions and Future Perspective
- i.
- The majority of the reports have shown that g-C3N4 can be facilely synthesized by the thermal polymerization of nitrogen-rich precursors. But the resultant g-C3N4 with a bulky structure is disadvantageous to the photocatalytic efficiency due to a low surface area, limited surface reactive sites, and the inadequate utilization of visible light. These shortcomings can be alleviated by selecting appropriate g-C3N4 precursors, optimizing the reaction temperature and condensation period, applying an exfoliation-assisted strategy, and following template-free methods to obtain highly porous g-C3N4 and controlled morphology.
- ii.
- Many studies in the literature have reported that g-C3N4 nanosheets act as anchoring sites for ZnO nanostructures or other components to form nanocomposites. But the contact of nanostructures on the surface of g-C3N4 and their uniform distribution without aggregation on the surface of g-C3N4 are very challenging. Consequently, an appropriate heterojunction interface between g-C3N4 and nanostructures might not be formed, which hinders the effective charge transport/separation. Therefore, functionalization of the g-C3N4 surface with specific functional groups could be the best alternative for strengthening the anchoring ability of g-C3N4 and enhancing the light absorption properties of heterojunctions.
- iii.
- Photocatalytic activities of g-C3N4/ZnO-based heterojunction photocatalysts have thus far mainly been used for the photodegradation of organic contaminants in laboratory samples. Hence, further studies need to focus on real water samples (i.e., from the laboratory to the real field).
- iv.
- As discussed in this review, the visible-light response, redox ability, electron–hole mobility, and surface dynamic heterostructure at the interface of g-C3N4/ZnO-based Z-scheme/S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts can be increased by metal/non-metal doping or forming ternary composites with g-C3N4 and ZnO. In addition, MXenes (2D few-atom-thick layers of transition-metal carbides and nitrides) could be promising alternatives to form ternary composites. Cost-effective MXenes possessing high conductivity can function as electron sinks, which accelerate the migration of photogenerated charge carriers and their effective separation.
- v.
- The charge-transfer mechanism is the key basis for understanding the likely reaction process occurring on the surface of a photocatalyst. However, in the case of g-C3N4/ZnO-based heterojunction systems, the charge-transfer mechanism seems inconsistent due to the variation in the reported CB/VB potentials of g-C3N4 and ZnO. Therefore, extensive studies should be focused on the DFT, radical-trapping tests, XPS analysis, etc., to understand the exact mechanism.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Acronyms
0D | Zero-dimensional |
2D | Two-dimensional |
3D | Three-dimensional |
4-CP | 4-Chlorophenol |
ALD | Atomic layer deposition |
AMOX | Amoxicillin |
BCN | B-doped g-C3N4 |
BPA | Bisphenol A |
CB | Conduction band |
CBM | Conduction band maxima |
CFZ | Cefazolin |
CIP | Ciprofloxacin |
CNT | Carbon nanotube |
CNZ | g-C3N4/ZnO composite |
CZg | ZnO/CuO/g-C3N4 heterostructure |
CZN | g-C3N4/ZnO/NiFe2O4 heterostructure |
DCDA | Dicyandiamide |
DFT | Density functional theory |
ESR | Electron spin resonance |
FQs | Fluoroquinolone |
FZCCN | Fe2O3-ZnO@C/g-C3N4 heterojunction |
GA | Graphene aerogel |
HNTs | Halloysite nanotubes |
HRTEM | High-resolution transmission electron microscopy |
ICP | Inductive Couple Plasma Emission Spectrometer |
KCC | KAUST catalysis center |
KIT | Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology |
LED | Light-emitting diode |
LSPR | Localized surface-plasmon resonance |
MG | Malachite green |
MO | Methyl orange |
MOF | Metal–organic framework |
MV | Methyl violet |
NHE | Normal hydrogen electrode |
NiZG | Ni/ZnO/g-C3N4 composite |
NOR | Norfloxacin |
OD | Oxygen defect |
OP | Oxidation photocatalyst |
RP | Reduction photocatalyst |
OV | Oxygen vacancies |
pc- GCN | P, C-codoped g-C3N4 |
PET | Polyester fiber |
Ppm | Parts per million |
QDs | Quantum dots |
RGO, rGO | Reduced graphene |
RhB | Rhodamine B |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SBA-15 | Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
SMZ− | Negatively charged sulfonamide |
SPR | Surface-plasmon resonance |
S-scheme | Step-scheme |
TC | Tetracycline |
TEM | Transmission electron microscopy |
TGA | Thermogravimetric analysis |
UV light | Ultraviolet light |
VB | Valence band |
VBM | Valence band maxima |
WFFDBD | Water falling film dielectric barrier discharge |
WLLI | White LED light irradiation |
XPS | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
ZIF-8 | Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 |
ZPC | Zeta potential charge |
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Photocatalysts/Dosage | Synthesis Method | Light Used | Organic Pollutant | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO/Fe2O3/g-C3N4 heterojunction/ (25 mg in 50 mL) | Hydrothermal treatment, followed by low-temperature calcination | Visible and sunlight | Sulfamethazine (5 mg L−1) | 100% in 8 h | [127] |
3Dg-C3N4/ZnO@graphene aerogel (g-C3N4/ZnO@GA)30% heterojunction formed with 30 wt% g-C3N4/ (5 mg in 25 mL) | Hydrothermal self-assembly combined with freeze-drying | UV and visible light | Rh B, MO, MV, and MB dyes (20 mg L−1) | Rh B dye in 120 min UV light: 81% Visible light: 82.7% MO dye in 120 min UV light: 50% Visible light: 46.9% | [128] |
ZnO/g-C3N4/RGO photocatalyst/ (25 mg in 50 mL) | Calcination | Visible light and UV light | Deoxynivalenol (10 ppm) | Visible light: 90% in 5 h UV light: 90% in 120 min | [129] |
Ag3PO4/g-C3N4/ZnO ternary composite/ (0.6 g/L, 50 mL) | Ultrasound-assisted precipitation | Visible light and sunlight | Tetracycline hydrochloride (30 mg/L) | Visible light: 88.48% Sunlight: 89.95% in 120 min | [130] |
ZnO/C/g-C3N4 composite ENFs (containing 0.25 wt% g-C3N4)/ (10 mg in 10 mL) | Electrospinning and annealing under N2 atmosphere | Simulated sunlight | MB dye (10−5 M) | 91.8% in 120 min | [136] |
Cu-doped ZnO/Cu/g-C3N4 heterostructure (g200: prepared by adding 0.02 g of prepared g-C3N4)/(0.4 g/L for MB and 0.5 g/L for Rh B dye) | Calcination–hydrothermal | Sunlight | MB dye and Rh B dye (0.01 g in 100 mL) | MB dye: 98% in 20 min Rh B dye: 99% in 60 min | [137] |
P-laden biochar/ZnO/g-C3N4 core–shell composite [Pbi-ZnO-g-C3N4 (50)], in which mass% of g-C3N4 to Pbi-ZnO is 50)/ (1 g in 100 mL) | Thermal polymerization, copyrolysis, and annealing under N2 atmosphere | Simulated sunlight | Atrazine (10 mg/L) | 85.3% in 260 min | [138] |
Nanocomposite of (NiCo/ZnO/g-C3N4)/ (20 mg in 100 mL) | Thermal condensation, in situ hydrothermal treatment, ultrasonic decomposition | Visible light | Oxytetracycline and tetracycline (10 mg/L) | Oxytetracycline: 71.3% Tetracycline: 81.29% in 50 min | [139] |
g-C3N4//ZnO/Fe2O3 ternary composite/ (50 mg in 50 mL, pH 11) | Calcination | Visible light | MB dye (30 mL/L) | 94% in 120 min | [140] |
Photocatalysts/Dosage | Synthesis Method | Light Used | Organic Pollutant | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO nano-triangle@g-C3N4 nanofoils (20%)/(1.25 g/L) | Sono-chemical impregnation | Solar light | Rh B dye (10 ppm) | 100% in 60 min | [141] |
g-C3N4 (10 wt%)/O-defective ZnO (OD-ZnO) nanorods/ (0.1 g/100 mL) | Solution conversion, heating, and ultrasonication | Visible light | 4-CP (10−4 mol L−1) | 95% in 60 min | [142] |
2D/3D g-C3N4@ZnO heterostructure/(0.3 g/L) | Thermal atomic layer deposition | Simulated sunlight | Cephalexin (10 mg/L) | 98.9% in 60 min | [143] |
g-C3N4/ZnO composite@500 °C (CNZ-500)/(10 mg/L) | Thermal treatment | Visible light | MB dye (10 mg/L) | Rate constant: 2.88 × 10−2 min−1 | [144] |
ZnO/g-C3N4 composite (2 g/L) | One-step calcination | Visible light | MB dye (10 ppm) | 98.83 in 60 min | [145] |
ZnO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite (7 g-C3N4 /ZnO: 7 wt% of g-C3N4 relative to ZnO)/(0.1 g in 400 mL) | Electrostatic self-assembly combined with low-temperature precipitation | Simulated sunlight | MB dye (10 mL/L) | 93% in 5 h | [146] |
0D/2D g-C3N4 quantum dots/ZnO with oxygen vacancies [(CNQDs/OV-ZnO)]/ (10 mg in 80 mL) | Mixing and calcination | Visible light | MB dye and BPA (10 mL/L) | MB dye: 71% in 4 h and BPA: 61% in 12 h | [147] |
Dicyanadiamine-derived core–shell composite of g-C3N4/ZnO (DCDA-CNZ)/ (10 mg in 50 mL) | Thermal polymerization | Visible light | MB dye (10 ppm) | Rate constant: 2.39 × 10−2 min−1 | [148] |
g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite/ (50 mg in 100 mL) | Calcination | Sunlight UV light | MB dye (1 × 10−5 mol/L) | Sunlight 100% UV light <100% (in 60 min) | [149] |
g-C3N4/ZnO composite formed by 1:30 precursor mass ratio/ (100 mg in 100 mL) | Co-melting-recrystallization | Visible light | MO dye and levofloxacin (10 mg L−1) | MO dye: 62% in 240 min Levofloxacin: 66.7% in 210 min | [150] |
g-C3N4/ZnO heterojunction/ (50 mg in 60 mL) | Thermal decomposition | Visible light | MO dye (2 × 10−5 M) | Rate constant: ~0.0117 min−1 | [151] |
g-C3N4/ZnO heterostructure/ (0.1 g in 50 mL) | Exfoliation process | Visible light | MG dye (10 ppm) | 84.3% in 60 min | [152] |
75 wt% ZnO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite/(0.1 g in 100 mL) | Pyrolysis and hydrothermal | Visible light | MB dye (50 mg/L) | 98% in 120 min | [153] |
ZnO-g-C3N4 nanocomposite/ (25 mg in 50 mL) | Sol–gel-assisted route | Visible light | Congo red (10 mg/L) | More than 80% in 30 min | [154] |
ZnO doped with 20% g-C3N4 (ZnO-g-C3N4-20) nanosheet/ (50 mg in 50 mL) | Hydrothermal | Visible light | MO dye (20 mg.dm−3) | 98.5% in 150 min | [155] |
g-C3N4/ZnO composite/ (20 mg in 100 mL) | Hydrothermal | Solar irradiation | MB dye, Rh B dye and Ciprofloxacin (10 ppm) | MB dye: 100% in 50 min Rh B dye: 98% in 100 min Ciprofloxacin: 96% in 180 min | [156] |
ZnO/g-C3N4 heterojunction (50-Zn/gCN)/ (25 mg in 250 mL) | Mixing, sonication, and thermal treatment | Simulated solar light | CFZ, and RB5 dye/(10 mg L−1) | CFZ: 78% RB5 dye: 95% (in 120 min) | [157] |
g-C3N4/ZnO heterojunction/ (100 mg in 50 mL) | Impregnation and ultrasonic treatment | Visible light | Rh B dye (10 ppm) | 75% in 250 min | [158] |
ZnO-g-C3N4 heterostructure/ (40 mg in 100 mL) | Solution mixing | Visible light | MB dye (5 ppm) | 91.5% in 120 min | [159] |
40% ZnO-g-C3N4 lotus bud-like composite/ (100 mg in 250 mL) | One-pot pyrolysis | Visible light | Benzene (20 mg/L) | 98.6% in 270 min | [160] |
ZnO/g-C3N4 composite/ (50 mg in 50 mL, pH 9) | Calcination | Visible light | MB dye, MG dye, and MO dye (10 mg/L) | MB dye: 99.16% MG dye: 96.42% MO dye: 57.57% (in 180 min) | [161] |
g-C3N4/ZnO composite/ (0.05 g in 150 cm−3) | Annealing | UV light | Acid orange 7 (25 mg in dm−3) | 51.5% in 120 min | [162] |
Photocatalysts/Dosage | Synthesis Method | Light Used | Organic Pollutant | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
g-C3N4/AgBr/ZnO 30 ternary composite (30 is the wt. ratio)/ (0.04 g in 100 mL) | Sonication-assisted deposition technique | Visible light | MB dye (5 mg L−1) | 96.3% in 80 min | [163] |
Ag/g-C3N4/ZnO nanorod-nanocomposite (0.089 g/L) | Solvothermal, polycondensation, stirring | Visible light | Paracetamol, Cefalexin, and Amoxicillin (40 mg/L) | Paracetamol: 85.3% Cefalexin: 71.74% Amoxicillin: 41.36% in 180 min | [164] |
α-Fe2O3 decorated g-C3N4/ZnO (g-C3N4/ZnO@α-Fe2O3) ternary nanocomposite/ (0.05 g in 100 mL) | Direct pyrolysis and sol–gel | Visible light | Tetrazine dye (10 mg L−1) | 99.34% in 35 min | [165] |
CdS@ZnO-g-C3N4 ternary nanocomposite/ (1 g L−1 at pH 6) | One-pot room-temperature ultrasonic route | UV light and visible light | Rh B dye (1 × 10−5 M) | UV light: 93.34% in 120 min Visible light: 90% in 180 min | [166] |
Ag/Ag2O combined g-C3N4/ZnO (g-C3N4/ZnO-Ag2O) ternary composite/ (50 mg in 100 mL) | Calcination and hydrothermal | Visible light | MB dye (30 ppm) 4-CP (10 ppm) | MB dye: 96.5% 4-CP: 85.7% in 120 min | [167] |
55% g-C3N4@Ag-ZnO hybrid nanocomposite/ (0.01 g in 100 mL) | Physical mixing | Solar light | MB dye (100 mg in 100 mL) | 98% in 80 min | [168] |
MoS2/g-C3N4/ZnO ternary nanocomposite/ (0.1 g in 50 mL) | Hydrothermal and exfoliation | Visible light | MG dye (10 ppm) | 97% in 60 min | [169] |
Mg-ZnO/g-C3N4@ZIF-8 multicomponent nanocomposite/((0.5 g/L) in presence of NaBH4 at pH 9) | Chemical precipitation | Visible light | Illicit drug (50 mg/L) | 100% in 10 min | [170] |
g-C3N4-ZnO/BiOBr heterojunction photocatalyst/ (0.05 g in 1 L) | Hydrothermal | UV light | MO dye (20 mg/L) | 99.26% in 130 min | [171] |
Photocatalysts/Dosage | Synthesis Method | Light Used | Organic Pollutant | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu-doped ZnO/g-C3N4 photocatalyst/ (0.5 g in 500 mL) | Autoclave heating and calcination | Visible radiation | Atrazine (100 ppm) | 90% in 180 min | [174] |
Sr-ZnO/g-C3N4 heterojunction/(0.5 g in 80 mL) | One-pot facile method | UV-vis irradiation | Methylene green dye (10 mg/L) | 96% in 20 min | [175] |
g-C3N4/(Cd-ZnO) nanocomposite/ (0.01 g in 188 mL water and 12 mL dye solution) | Co-precipitation | Visible light | MB dye (10 mg in 100 mL water) | 95% in 90 min | [176] |
Ni/ZnO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite [3% Ni/ZnO,70% g-C3N4 (NiZG-70)]/ (200 mg in 200 mL) | Chemical co-precipitation | Sunlight | MB dye (10 mg L−1) | 100% in 70 min | [177] |
Cu-doped ZnO/g-C3N4 composite/ (100 mg in 200 mL) | Hydrothermal treatment followed by calcination | Visible light | CIP (5 mg/L) | 95% in 360 min | [178] |
Al/Ga-codoped ZnO/g-C3N4 heterojunction (AGZ/CN 560: where g-C3N4 was prepared at 560 °C)/(20 mg in 30 mL) | Thermal decomposition and single-phase dispersion | Visible light | MB dye (10 mg/L) | 95.4% in 150 min | [179] |
Ru-ZnO@g-C3N4 mesoporous nanocomposite/ (5 mg in 100 mL, pH 10) | Ultrasonic technique | UV light | MB dye (30 ppm) | 92.2% in 60 min | [180] |
Hybrid g-C3N4/ZnO-W/Co(0.010) heterojunction/(0.05 mg) | Precipitation method | Visible light | MB dye (10 ppm) | 90% in 90 min | [181] |
C-doped g-C3N4 grafted on C, N-codoped ZnO (BT-CCN@ZnO) microflowers/ | Bio-templated hydrothermal | Simulated solar irradiation | BPA | 92.5% in 180 min | [182] |
ZnO-embedded S-doped g-C3N4 (ZnO-SCN) heterojunction/ (50 mg in 100 mL) | Sol–gel-assisted calcination | Visible light | MB dye and Rh B dye (10 ppm) | 93% in 80 min | [183] |
ZnO-coupled F-doped g-C3N4 (Fe@g-C3N4/ZnO) heterojunction/(50 mg) | Simple wet-chemical | UV-vis and direct sunlight | Rh B dye (10 ppm) | (In 75 min) UV-vis light: 97% Direct sunlight: 98% | [184] |
P, C-GCN/15 wt% SiO2/5 wt% ZnO (PC-GCN/15-SiO2/5-ZnO) heterogeneous nanocomposite/[100 mL (500 mg L−1)] | Calcination | LED 200 W | MB dye (20 mg L−1) | 100% in 90 min | [185] |
N-doped ZnO/g-C3N4 core–shell nanoplates with 5 wt% loaded g-C3N4 (CNZON5)/ (0.025 g in 100 mL) | Ultrasonic dispersion | Visible light | Rh B dye (5 mg L−1) | Rate constant: 0.0679 min−1 | [186] |
N-ZnO/g-C3N4 composite/ (0.1 g in 100 mL) | High-temperature calcination | Visible radiation | MB dye (20 mg/L) | 95% in 90 min | [187] |
ZnO/g-C3N4 with N dopant (nitrogen-rich ZnO/g-C3N4 composite)/(100 mg) | Rotation-evaporation and calcination route | Visible light | NO gas (600 ppb) | More than 87% in 6 min | [188] |
C-doped ZnO@ g-C3N4 composite with ZnO loading 50% (Zn-50)/ (0.1 g in 50 mL) | Thermal treatment | Visible light | Methyl green dye (20 mg/L) | 98% in 60 min | [189] |
C, N-codoped ZnO modified B-doped g-C3N4 [CNZ/BCN (1:1)] nanocomposite/ (30 mg in 20 mL) | In situ calcination | Simulated solar light | CIP (20 ppm) | 86.7% in 60 min | [190] |
g-C3N4/ZnO-Based Double Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Photocatalysts/Dosage | Synthesis Method | Light Used | Organic Pollutant | Performance | Ref. |
CuO/ZnO/g-C3N4 ternary heterostructure/ (0.04 g in 100 mL) | Solution combustion route | Visible light | MB dye (10 mg/L) | 98% in 45 min | [191] |
O-g-C3N4/Zn2SnO4N/ZnO heterojunction/ (50 mg in 50 mL) | UV-light irradiation | Visible light | Rh B dye (5 mg L−1) | 96% in 60 min | [192] |
CuO-ZnO@g-C3N4 nanocomposite/(0.2 g/L with trace amount of H2O2 (250 ppm)) | Ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal | Visible light + ultrasonic wave | Dibenzothiophene (DBT) 250 ppm | 99.1% in 60 min | [193] |
CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods co-anchored on g-C3N4 nanosheets (CZ@T-GCN)/ (0.9 g L−1 in 250 mL) | Isoelectric-point-mediated method | Simulated sunlight | AMOX (60 mg L−1) | 100% in 120 min | [194] |
g-C3N4/ZnO-NiFe2O4 (weight ratio of CN/ZnO: NiFe2O4 is 2:1) [CZN1]/(0.5 g/L) | Simple sonication–calcination strategy | Visible light | Levofloxacin: 30 Ofloxacin: 15 Ciprofloxacin: 10 (mg/L) | Levofloxacin: 90% Ofloxacin: 88% Ciprofloxacin: 82% (in 90 min) | [195] |
[(O-g-C3N4)/ZnO-TiO2@HNTs]/ (1 g in 40 mL) | Calcination and sol–gel | UV light | Diclofenac (10 mg/L) | 100% in 50 min | [196] |
g-C3N4/ZnO-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts | |||||
ZnO/g-C3N4@PET composite/ (6 cm × 3 cm in 50 mL) | Hydrothermal | Visible light | MB dye (15 mg L−1) | 92.5% in 120 min | [197] |
2D/2D N-ZnO/g-C3N4 composite (15% NZCN)/(0.2 g L−1) | Calcination, ultrasonication, and self-assembly | Visible light | Norfloxacin (5 mg L−1) | 96.4% in 90 min | [198] |
g-C3N4/rGO/ZnO-Ag heterostructure nanocomposite/ (60 mg in 100 mL) | Hydrothermal | Visible light | Mixed dye (Rh B + MB) (40 ppm) | 90.4% in 100 min | [199] |
g-C3N4/ZnO-450 heterojunction composite/ (5 mg in 50 mL) | ZIF8 template | Visible light | AR1 (10 mg/L) | 95% in 1 h | [200] |
Fe2O3-ZnO@C/g-C3N4 (FZCCN-4) heterojunction/ (0.8 g in 250 mL) | Precipitation and calcination | Visible light | BPA (10 mg/L) | 100% in 60 min | [201] |
g-C3N4/ZnO heterojunction composite/(0.10 g in 100 mL) | Calcination | UV light | CV dye (10 mg/L) | 95.9% in 120 min | [202] |
ZnO/g-C3N4/zeolite nanocomposite | Hydrothermal | Plasma discharge | TC (50 ppm) | 95.5% in 100 min | [203] |
g-C3N4/Co/ZnO heterojunction nanocomposite/ (20 mg in 100 mL) | Ultrasonic and sol–gel | Visible light and Sunlight | MB, CV, Rh B dyes (15 ppm) Rh B dye (15 ppm) | MB dye: 96.3% CV dye: 74.5% Rh B dye: 75.4% in 80 min 91.5% in 80 min | [204] |
ZnO@g-C3N4 composite membrane (size: 10.75 cm−2) (Water flux: 336.8 L• m−2 • bar−1 • h−1) | Vacuum-assisted filtration and in situ growth | Visible light | MB dye (5 mg/L) | 94.4% in 150 min | [205] |
g-C3N4-ZnO-CuO heterojunction photocatalyst/ (20 mg in 30 mL) | Simple solution combustion approach | Visible light | MB dye and Rh B dye (10 mg/L) | MB dye: 100% Rh B dye: 90% (in 35 min) | [206] |
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Panthi, G.; Park, M. Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Zinc Oxide-Based Z-Scheme and S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts for the Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241915021
Panthi G, Park M. Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Zinc Oxide-Based Z-Scheme and S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts for the Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(19):15021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241915021
Chicago/Turabian StylePanthi, Gopal, and Mira Park. 2023. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Zinc Oxide-Based Z-Scheme and S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts for the Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19: 15021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241915021