Mechanistic Insights, Treatment Paradigms, and Clinical Progress in Neurological Disorders: Current and Future Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
NDs | Drug/Bioactive Molecule | Mechanism of Action | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
PD | Donepezil | Acetylcholinesterase inhibition | [52] |
L-dopa and carbidopa | Dopaminergic agonism | [53,54] | |
AD | Bexarotene | Dissolution of Aβ plaques | [55] |
Memantine | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonism | [56] | |
Lacenemab | Reduce Aβ protofibrils in the brain and CSF | [57] | |
Ischemic stroke | Semagacestat | γ-Secretase inhibitor | [58] |
Aspirin and Statin | COX inhibition and cholesterol synthesis, respectively | [59,60] | |
Multiple sclerosis | Alteplase | Tissue plasminogen activation | [61] |
Mitoxantrone | Lymphocyte apoptosis | [62] | |
Laquinimod | Shifting the T cell response to T helper 2 type | [63] | |
Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | DNA alkylation followed by apoptosis | [64] |
Spinal muscular atrophy | ZD1839 (gefitinib), OSI774 (erlotinib) | Protein kinase inhibition | [65] |
Zolgensma | Replacing the non-working survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene | [66] |
2. Origin of NDs in Relation to the Blood–Brain Barrier
2.1. Endothelial Cells (ECs)
2.2. Pericytes
2.3. Astrocytes
2.4. Microglia
3. Types of Brain Disorders
3.1. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
3.2. Treatment of Ads
- (i)
- Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs)
- (ii)
- Amyloid-β-targeted drugs
3.3. Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
3.4. Treatment of PD
- (i)
- Neurotrophic factors (NTFs)
- (ii)
- Proteins that work to overdraw the dopamine production
3.5. Huntington’s Disease (HD)
3.6. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
4. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alkahtani, S.; AL-Johani, N.S.; Alarifi, S. Mechanistic Insights, Treatment Paradigms, and Clinical Progress in Neurological Disorders: Current and Future Prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021340
Alkahtani S, AL-Johani NS, Alarifi S. Mechanistic Insights, Treatment Paradigms, and Clinical Progress in Neurological Disorders: Current and Future Prospects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(2):1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021340
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlkahtani, Saad, Norah S. AL-Johani, and Saud Alarifi. 2023. "Mechanistic Insights, Treatment Paradigms, and Clinical Progress in Neurological Disorders: Current and Future Prospects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2: 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021340