Seeing Neurodegeneration in a New Light Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors and iPSCs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensor Advantages
3. GEFB Designs
3.1. Turnover and Translocation-Based GEFBs
3.2. FRET-Based GEFBs
3.3. Dimerisation-Dependent GEFBs
3.4. cpFP GEFBs
3.5. Oxidation-Dependent GEFBs
3.6. Ion-Sensitive GEFBs
3.7. Photo-Transformable GEFBs
4. Leveraging GEFB and iPSC Technologies for Pre-Clinical Applications
4.1. Industrial and Lifestyle Exposures
4.1.1. Pesticides
4.1.2. Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
4.1.3. Pathogens and Pathogen-Derived Toxins
4.2. Genetics
4.2.1. Isogenic Disease Models
4.2.2. CRISPR-Based Genetic Screens
4.3. Cell–Cell and Cell–Environment Interactions
4.3.1. Neuroinflammation
4.3.2. Neurotransmitter Clearance, Hyperexcitability, and Excitotoxicity
4.3.3. Amyloid and Amyloid Plaques
4.4. Development and Testing of Novel Therapeutics
5. Challenges and Caveats of Using GEFBs
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Example(s) | Advantages | Disadvantages Compared to GEFBs | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Specialised analytical devices | Seahorse XF HS Mini Analyzer (Agilent); Multi-electrode arrays | Allows for real-time data acquisition and continuous monitoring. | Usually, samples small areas near the sensor and measurements are indirect calculations. Does not allow for visualisation of cellular compartments. | [24,25] |
Endpoint assay | Many cell-based assay kits from various companies | Quantitative measurements, high-throughput, with convenient and economic kits available. | Does not allow for continuous high spatiotemporal visualisation in living cells or tracking at single-cell resolution. | [26,27] |
Organic dyes | Calcium indicators (e.g., FURA-2) | Quick to use; little preparation needed. | Relatively more invasive, long-exposure can lead to accumulated toxicity. Extended excitation can lead to more photobleaching. Short-term imaging. Dye leakage significantly contributes to accuracy. Difficulty monitoring activity in specific cell types and specific subcellular compartments. | [28,29] |
Fluorescent pH probes | HPTS, SNARF-1, Lysotracker | High spatiotemporal resolution, long-term fluorescent and structural stability. | Difficulty in penetrating the cell membrane, and targeting methods to subcellular locations can perturb the cell and affect pH in the long run. May exhibit rapid photobleaching. | [30,31] |
Design | GEFB | Sensing | FP | Reference | Addgene Plasmid Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Turnover and translocation of FP | GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔF | Autophagy | GFP and RFP | [42] | 84572 |
Turnover and translocation of FP | NLS-tdTomato-NES | Nucleocytoplasmic transport defects | tdTomato | [43] | 112579 |
FRET | LSSmOrange-DEVD-mKate2 | Caspase 3 | LSSmOrange and mKate2 | [44] | 37132 |
FRET | FLIPT | Thiamine | CFP and YFP | [45] | N.A. * |
BiFC | Tau-BiFC | Tau–tau interaction | Venus | [46] | N.A. * |
cpFP | GACh2.0 | Acetylcholine | cpGFP | [47] | 106073 |
cpFP | MatryoshCaMP6s | Calcium signalling | LSSmOrange and cpEGFP | [48] | 100025 |
cpFP | GRABDA | Dopamine | cpEGFP | [49] | 113050 and 113049 |
cpFP | iGABASnFR | GABA | cpSFGFP | [50] | 112176 |
cpFP | iGluSnFR | Glutamate | cpGFP | [51] | 41732 |
cpFP | GRABNE1M | Norepinephrine | cpEGFP | [52] | 123309 and 123308 |
cpFP | iSeroSnFR | Serotonin | cpSFGFP | [53] | 128484 |
Oxidation-dependent | MitoTimer | Mitochondrial health | GFP and DsRed1 | [54] | 52659 |
Ion-sensitive | RpH-LAMP1-3xFLAG | Lysosomal pH | pHlourin and mCherry | [55] | 163018 |
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Stellon, D.; Talbot, J.; Hewitt, A.W.; King, A.E.; Cook, A.L. Seeing Neurodegeneration in a New Light Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors and iPSCs. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021766
Stellon D, Talbot J, Hewitt AW, King AE, Cook AL. Seeing Neurodegeneration in a New Light Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors and iPSCs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(2):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021766
Chicago/Turabian StyleStellon, David, Jana Talbot, Alex W. Hewitt, Anna E. King, and Anthony L. Cook. 2023. "Seeing Neurodegeneration in a New Light Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors and iPSCs" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2: 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021766