Photobiomodulation of Neurogenesis through the Enhancement of Stem Cell and Neural Progenitor Differentiation in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Basic Mechanisms of PBM for Cell Differentiation
3. Promising Results
3.1. Effects of PBM in the CNS
3.1.1. Neurogenesis
3.1.2. Neuroprotective Effects of PBM
Glial Cells
Synaptogenesis
3.2. Effects of PBM on Peripheral Sensory Neural Structures
3.2.1. Peripheral Neural Diseases
3.2.2. Hearing Loss, Stem Cells, and PBM
4. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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[35] | 2021 | Diode laser | 808 | 120 s × 20 mW/cm2 Total: 7.2 J/cm2 for 3 days | Cortical surface | Global cerebral ischemia rat | Hippocampal astrocyte and microglia cells |
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[36] | 2022 | Helium–neon laser | 660 | 600 s × 5 mW/cm2 Total: 42 J/cm2 for 14 days | Scalp and skull | HI brain damage rat | Hippocampal neural stem cells |
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[37] | 2014 | Laser | 810 | 720 s × 25 mW/cm2 Total: 54 J/cm2 for 3 days | Transcranial | CCI–TBI injury mouse | Hippocampal and SVZ neurons |
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[38] | 2021 | Semiconductor laser | 635 | 600 s × 0.1 mW/cm2 Total: 60 J/cm2 for 1 month | Scalp and skull | Amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 transgenic mouse | Hippocampal neural stem cells |
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Reference | Year | Light Source | Wavelength (nm) | Energy | Anatomical Location | Animal Model | Target Cells | Mechanism | Efficiency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[49] | 2019 | Diode laser | 808 | 36 s × 8 mW/cm2 Total: 4 J/cm2 for 14 days | Scalp | Global cerebral ischemia rat | Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron cells |
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| |
[39] | 2021 | Diode laser | 808 | 120 s × 8 mW/cm2 Total: 2.88 J/cm2/week for 3 weeks | Abdomen of pregnant rat from gestation day 1 to 21 | Neonatal HI rat | Myeloid cells and hippocampal astrocytes |
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| |
[40] | 2019 | GaAlAs laser | 810 | 5 s × 6.66 W/cm2 Total: 166.5 J/cm2 for 5 days | Transcranial Scalp | Sub-chronic restraint stress mouse | Prefrontal cortex and hippocampal neuron cells |
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| |
[41] | 2022 | Laser | 808 | 120 s × 350 mW/cm2 Total: 126 J/cm2/week for 16 months | Scalp | Transgenic TgF344-AD rat | Microglial cells and astrocytes in cortex and hippocampus |
|
| |
[42] | 2020 | GaAlAs diode laser | 810 | 1.7 s × 4.75 W/cm2 Total: 5 J/cm2/week for 4 weeks | Transcranial | Unpredictable chronic mild stress mouse | Hippocampal cells |
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[43] | 2022 | GaAlAs diode laser | 808 | 100 s × 1.333 W/cm2 Total: 133.3 J/cm2 | Transcranial | Pentylenetetrazole-induced SE rat | Hippocampal microglial cells and astrocytes |
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[50] | 2021 | Diode laser | 780 | 120 s × 0.083 W/cm2 Total: 30 J/cm2/week for 60 days | Transcranial | Ischemic stroke rat | Brain tissue cells in the peri-lesional region |
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[44] | 2018 | RGn500 (LED + laser) with static magnetic field | 625 850 | LED | 600 s × 28 mW/cm2 Total: 117.6 J/cm2 for 7 days | Transcranial and abdomen | Aβ25-35 peptide toxicity mouse | Hippocampal and frontal cortex cells |
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850 | Laser | |||||||||
[45] | 2022 | Diode laser | 830 | 750 s × 30 mW/cm2 Total: 180 J/cm2 | Scalp | SE mouse | Maturing granular cells in the hilus |
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[46] | 2023 | Diode laser | 808 | 120 s × 350 mW/cm2 Total: 294 J/cm2 for 7 days | Skull | PT stroke rat | Neuronal dendrites and cortex astrocytes |
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[47] | 2021 | Diode laser | 808 | 120 s × 350 mW/cm2 Total: 126 J/cm2/week for 8 months | Scalp | Transgenic TgF344-AD disease rat |
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Chang, S.-Y.; Lee, M.Y. Photobiomodulation of Neurogenesis through the Enhancement of Stem Cell and Neural Progenitor Differentiation in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015427
Chang S-Y, Lee MY. Photobiomodulation of Neurogenesis through the Enhancement of Stem Cell and Neural Progenitor Differentiation in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(20):15427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015427
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, So-Young, and Min Young Lee. 2023. "Photobiomodulation of Neurogenesis through the Enhancement of Stem Cell and Neural Progenitor Differentiation in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 20: 15427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015427