Impact of Heavy Metals on Glioma Tumorigenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gliomas
Genetic Alterations in Gliomas
3. Heavy Metals
3.1. Heavy Metals and Oxidative Stress
3.2. Heavy Metals and Gliomas
Metal Nanoparticles
4. Heavy Metals and Other Brain Tumors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Heavy Metals | Atomic Number | Sources of Exposure |
---|---|---|
Iron (Fe) | 26 | Household appliances, utensils, food containers, motor vehicles, hulls, armaments, and in steel and cast-iron alloys |
Chromium (Cr) | 24 | Enamels, paints, dyes, leather tanning, and fabric dyes |
Mercury (Hg) | 80 | Detonators, pigments for antifouling paints (ship hulls), pesticides, for the preparation of soda in electrolytic cells, in the manufacture of physics apparatus (barometers and pressure gauges), batteries lamps, to make mirrors, and in dentistry |
Nickel (Ni) | 28 | Rechargeable batteries, ship propellers, kitchen equipment, industrial chemical plant pipes, coins, coatings of iron, brass, and other metallic materials |
Lead (Pb) | 82 | Construction, in the production of batteries, enamels for pottery, crystal glass, in the automotive sector, in bullets for firearms, and in the liquid state, as a coolant in some types of nuclear reactors |
Copper (Cu) | 29 | Electric cables, pipes, furnishing finishes, sculptures, pictorial support, coins, musical instruments, dyes, pots, chemical solutions, fungicides, and dissipators |
Aluminum (Al) | 13 | Transportation, packaging, construction, consumer durables, power lines, optics, and firearms or parts thereof—ammunition shells and shells |
Cadmium (Cd) | 46 | Electrodes, coatings of metallic materials, solders, and pigments |
Arsenic (As) | 33 | Insecticides, cosmetics, fireworks, photovoltaic panels, and dyes |
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Caruso, G.; Nanni, A.; Curcio, A.; Lombardi, G.; Somma, T.; Minutoli, L.; Caffo, M. Impact of Heavy Metals on Glioma Tumorigenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015432
Caruso G, Nanni A, Curcio A, Lombardi G, Somma T, Minutoli L, Caffo M. Impact of Heavy Metals on Glioma Tumorigenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(20):15432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015432
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaruso, Gerardo, Aristide Nanni, Antonello Curcio, Giuseppe Lombardi, Teresa Somma, Letteria Minutoli, and Maria Caffo. 2023. "Impact of Heavy Metals on Glioma Tumorigenesis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 20: 15432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015432