Endurance Exercise Attenuates Established Progressive Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Is Associated with an Amelioration of Innate Immune Responses in NOD Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Mice
4.2. EAE Induction
4.3. Disease Scoring
4.4. Exercise Intervention
4.5. Isolation of Murine Leukocytes
4.6. Quantitative Detection of Corticosterone
4.7. Flow Cytometry of Murine Leukocytes
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CD | cluster of differentiation |
CNS | central nervous system |
CTLA-4 | cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 |
dpi | days post induction |
EAE | experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis |
EC1/2 | exercise cycle 1/2 |
EE | endurance exercise |
GM-CSF | granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
IFN-β/γ | interferon β/γ |
IL | interleukin |
MFI | mean fluorescence intensity |
MHC-II | major histocompatibility complex class II |
MOG | myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein |
MS | multiple sclerosis |
NOD | non-obese diabetic |
NOD1/2 | exercise program 1/2 |
SE | strength exercise |
SPMS | secondary progressive multiple sclerosis |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor α |
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EAE Score | Comment |
---|---|
0 | healthy |
1 | first clinical signs of ataxia, retained narrow gait, tip of tail dragging |
2 | slight waddle, complete tail dragging |
3 | wide gait, moderate ataxia, slight bilateral paralysis of the hindlimbs |
4 | uncoordinated gait with moderate bilateral paralysis of hindlimbs, lowered hindquarters |
5 | lowered and broad hindquarters, temporary dragging of one hind limb |
6 | permanent dragging of one hindlimb or both legs temporarily dragging |
7 | complete paralysis of the hindlimbs (paraplegia) |
8 | weakness of forelimbs, beginning tetraparesis |
9 | no movement, tetraplegia, altered breathing |
10 | moribund animal |
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Schiffmann, D.; Lampkemeyer, V.; Lindner, M.; Fleck, A.-K.; Koch, K.; Eschborn, M.; Liebmann, M.; Strecker, J.-K.; Minnerup, J.; Wiendl, H.; et al. Endurance Exercise Attenuates Established Progressive Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Is Associated with an Amelioration of Innate Immune Responses in NOD Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115798
Schiffmann D, Lampkemeyer V, Lindner M, Fleck A-K, Koch K, Eschborn M, Liebmann M, Strecker J-K, Minnerup J, Wiendl H, et al. Endurance Exercise Attenuates Established Progressive Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Is Associated with an Amelioration of Innate Immune Responses in NOD Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(21):15798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115798
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchiffmann, Daniel, Victoria Lampkemeyer, Maren Lindner, Ann-Katrin Fleck, Kathrin Koch, Melanie Eschborn, Marie Liebmann, Jan-Kolja Strecker, Jens Minnerup, Heinz Wiendl, and et al. 2023. "Endurance Exercise Attenuates Established Progressive Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Is Associated with an Amelioration of Innate Immune Responses in NOD Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 21: 15798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115798