APOE ε4-Allele in Middle-Aged and Older Autistic Adults: Associations with Verbal Learning and Memory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
Limitations
4. Methods and Materials
4.1. Participants
4.2. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
4.3. Verbal Learning and Memory
4.4. APOE Genotype
4.5. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ASD | Autism spectrum disorder |
NT | Neurotypical |
MA+ | Middle-aged and older |
Alz | Alzheimer’s disease |
ADOS-2 | Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 |
PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
A1 | Short-term memory |
A1–A5 | Learning |
A7 | Long-term memory |
ANOVA | Analysis of Variance |
SARRC | Southwest Autism Research & Resource Center |
SRS-2 | Social Responsiveness Scale-2 Adult Self-Report |
MMSE | Mini Mental State Exam |
KBIT-2 | Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 |
DSM-5 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 |
AVLT | Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
IQ | Intelligence Quotient |
SE | Standard error |
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DF | t-Value | p-Value | F | Partial Eta Squared (Effect Size) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short-Term Memory (AVLT A1) | |||||
Diagnosis | 1, 71 | 0.352 | 0.526 | 0.406 | 0.006 |
APOE ε4-allele | 1, 71 | 1.586 | 0.025 * | 5.247 | 0.069 |
Diagnosis∗APOE ε4-allele | 1, 71 | 0.163 | 0.871 | 0.027 | n/a |
Sex | 1, 71 | 1.37 | 0.177 | 1.863 | 0.026 |
Total Words (AVLT A1-A5) | |||||
Diagnosis | 1, 71 | −0.851 | 0.467 | 0.534 | 0.007 |
APOE ε4-allele | 1, 71 | 1.783 | 0.006 * | 7.867 | 0.100 |
Diagnosis∗APOE ε4-allele | 1, 71 | 0.420 | 0.676 | 0.176 | 0.002 |
Sex | 1, 71 | 3.945 | <0.001 * | 15.563 | 0.180 |
Long-Term Memory (AVLT A7) | |||||
Diagnosis | 1, 71 | −1.342 | 0.195 | 1.710 | 0.024 |
APOE ε4-allele | 1, 71 | 0.512 | 0.212 | 1.587 | 0.022 |
Diagnosis∗APOE ε4-allele | 1, 71 | 0.574 | 0.571 | 0.324 | 0.005 |
Sex | 1, 71 | 1.710 | 0.86 | 3.038 | 0.041 |
DF | p-Value | F | Partial Eta Squared (Effect Size) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASD males | 1, 25 | 0.020 * | 6.183 | 0.198 |
NT males | 1, 25 | 0.094 | 3.040 | 0.108 |
NT females | 1, 12 | 0.318 | 1.087 | 0.083 |
Bayesian Hypothesis Single Case Comparison Test for ASD Females. | ||||
Case’s Test Score | Percentage of control population falling below case’s score | Effect Size | 95% Confidence Interval | |
ASD Female Case 1 | 60 | 79.4571% | 0.969 | (−0.053 to 1.928) |
ASD Female Case 2 | 37 | 6.6496% | −1.937 | (−3.321 to −0.502) |
NT (n = 41) Mean (±SD) Range | ASD (n = 35) Mean (±SD) Range | Two-Group Comparison Statistics | NT APOE ε4 Carriers | NT APOE ε4 Non-Carriers | ASD APOE ε4 Carriers | ASD APOE ε4 Non-Carriers | Four-Group Comparison Statistics | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 53.90 (±8.44) 40–70 | 53.06 (±8.91) 40–71 | t(74) = 0.424, p = 0.673 | 54.05 (±7.06) 41–65 | 53.76 (±9.75) 40–70 | 54.38 (±8.50) 41–71 | 51.07 (±9.44) 40–67 | t(75) = 0.234, p = 0.705 |
Sex (M/F) | 27/14 | 27/8 | X2(1.76) = 1.170, p = 0.279 | 10/10 | 17/4 | 15/6 | 12/2 | X2(3.76) = 6.775, p = 0.079 |
ADOS-2 a Social Affective | n/a | 10.03 (±3.12) (0–17) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 10.14 (±2.78) 7–17 | 9.86 (±3.68) 0–14 | n/a |
Age at Diagnosis | n/a | 46.11 (±15.35) 2–67 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 48.62 (±11.74) 21–64 | 42.36 (±19.45) 2–67 | n/a |
SRS-2 b Total t-score | 45.39 (±5.94) 37–60 | 71.64 (±11.55) 43–89 | t(45.435) = −11.854, p < 0.001 | 45.15 (±6.44) 37–59 | 45.62 (±5.57) 37–60 | 70.05 (±12.88) 43–89 | 74.08 (±9.07) 57–87 | t(73) = 26.752, p < 0.001 |
MMSE c | 29.49 (±0.84) 26–30 | 29.06 (±1.11) 26–30 | t(62.626) = 1.775, p = 0.081 | 29.35 (±1.04) 26–30 | 29.57 (±0.598) 28–30 | 28.90 (±1.09) 27–30 | 29.29 (±1.14) 26–30 | t(75) = 0.849, p = 0.175 |
KBIT-2 d Composite | 109.07 (±12.09) 85–141 | 108.97 (±14.52) 70–131 | t(73) = 0.033, p = 0.973 | 106.20 (±9.38) 85–124 | 111.81 (±13.88) 89–141 | 107.14 (±13.73) 70–131 | 111.92 (±15.82) 83–131 | t(74) = 0.487, p = 0.410 |
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Harker, S.A.; Al-Hassan, L.; Huentelman, M.J.; Braden, B.B.; Lewis, C.R. APOE ε4-Allele in Middle-Aged and Older Autistic Adults: Associations with Verbal Learning and Memory. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115988
Harker SA, Al-Hassan L, Huentelman MJ, Braden BB, Lewis CR. APOE ε4-Allele in Middle-Aged and Older Autistic Adults: Associations with Verbal Learning and Memory. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(21):15988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115988
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarker, Samantha A., Lamees Al-Hassan, Matthew J. Huentelman, B. Blair Braden, and Candace R. Lewis. 2023. "APOE ε4-Allele in Middle-Aged and Older Autistic Adults: Associations with Verbal Learning and Memory" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 21: 15988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115988