Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Lung Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Function of Extracellular Vesicles
2.1. Extracellular Vesicles in Bacterial Lung Infections
2.2. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Lung Infections
2.3. Extracellular Vesicles as a Biomarker in Lung infections
3. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE2 | Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 |
AKR1B10 | Aldo-keto reductase 1 B10 |
ARDS | Acute respiratory distress syndrome |
ARF6 | ADP-ribosylation factor 6 |
BALF | Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid |
BCG | Mycobacterium bovis |
CCL2 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 |
COPB2 | coat complex subunit beta 2 |
ESCRT | Endosomal complexes required for transport |
EVs | Extracellular vesicles |
Hsp | Heat shock protein |
IAV | Influenza A virus |
IFN | Interferon |
ILVs | Intraluminal vesicles |
IP-10 | interferon-gamma-induced protein 10 |
KRAS | KRAS proto-oncogene |
LAM | Lipoarabinomannan |
LC3 | Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 |
MAP | Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis |
MCP-1 | Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1MVE |
MOIs | Multiplicity of infections |
Mtb | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
MV | Membrane vesicle |
MyD88 | Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 |
NE | Neutrophil elastase |
OMV | Outer membrane vesicles |
PAMPs | Pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
PBECs | Primary human bronchial epithelial cells |
PBMCs | Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
PRKCB | Protein kinase C beta |
Rabs | Ras-associated binding proteins |
RANTES | regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted |
RHOC | Ras homolog family member C |
RIG-I | Retinoic-acid-inducible gene I |
RSV | Respiratory syncytial virus |
S-EV | Spontaneously released EVs |
TIM-4 | T-cell immunoglobulin mucin protein 4 |
TLR2 | Toll-like receptor 2 |
TN-C | Tenascin-C |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
TOM20 | Mitochondrial import receptor subunit 20 |
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Pathogens | Effect | References |
---|---|---|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Infected Mφ EVs: + (CCL2, VCAM1) in endothelial cells ++ Peptide-MHC-II complexes in T-cells Serum EVs: ++ Death rate in THP-1 & PBMCs Infected neutrophils EVs: ++ Mφ autophagy ++ Mφ superoxide anion ++ Mφ bacterial killing ++ (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) in Mφ Mtb RNA in EVs: ++ IFN in Mφ Spontaneously released EVs: -- MCP-1, -- TNF-α, -- bacterial load in mtb-infected Mφ Mtb-EVs & S-EVs: --- Bacterial load in Mtb-infected mice. | [39,41,42,43,45] |
Mycobacterium bovis | Infected THP-1 EVs: +++ (IL-12p40, TNF) Infected Mφ EVs ++ Peptide-MHC-II complexes in T-cells + Antigen-specific activation of CD4+ & CD8+ T cells in mice | [40,45,46] |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | Pneumolysin+ Neutrophils EVs: ++ CD62P in platelets Pneumolysin+ Lung epithelial cells microvesicles: -- ROS in neutrophils | [49,50] |
Staphylococcus aureus | Infected neutrophils EVs: ++ (IL-6, IL-1β) in Mφ | [52] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Let-7b-gb miRNA in EVs: - Biofilm formation, + sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotic (Aztreonam) | [53] |
Legionella penuemophila | Supernatant EVs: ++ (CXCL8, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1) in THP-1 | [54] |
Influenza A | Infected lung cells EVs: +++ (Type I IFN, IL-12p40, IL-6) in dendritic cells Blocking viral replication in A549 infected cells Infected A549 cells EVs: Neutralizing virus particles Infected lung Mφ EVs: ++ (Type I IFN, IL-6, CCL2, TNF-α) in epithelial cells Alveolar macrophages EVs: Acceleration of endosomal acidification in epithelial cells | [57,58,59,61,62,65] |
Respiratory syncytial virus | Infected Epithelial cells exosomes showed +(CXCL10 and CCL5). ++ (MCP-1, IP-10 & RANTES) in monocytes & A549 cells ++ TNF-α in A549 cells | [68,71] |
Rhinovirus | + (IFN-γ & IP-10) in Th1 + IL-13 in Th2 | [72] |
Adenovirus | Adenovirus 3 EVs: +++ Rab5, 7 & 35 | [75] |
SARS-CoV-2 | + (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) ++ neurtrophil elastase-related endothelial damage Aldo-Keto Reductase 1B10-related cytokine storm - IL-8 (ACE2)+-related viral entry block CD62E+-related hospital mortality Platelets EVs-related worsened prognosis and mortality Lipid raft formation in human small airways Active viral particles-related disease transmission Epithelial EVS-related cardiac inflammation Coagulation Platelet-derived EVs cytokine signaling upregulation-related thrombophilia Fastened fibril formation and progression in neurons, astrocytes and microglia Transcription factors transmission-related neurodegenerative processes | [77,79,81,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,98,99,100,101] |
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Hambo, S.; Harb, H. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Lung Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216139
Hambo S, Harb H. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Lung Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(22):16139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216139
Chicago/Turabian StyleHambo, Shadi, and Hani Harb. 2023. "Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Lung Infections" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22: 16139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216139