Self-Entrapment of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silica Particles for Stable and Effective Antimicrobial Peptide Delivery System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Conjugation of Cell Penetrating Peptide to KR12 Antimicrobial Peptide
2.1.1. CPP Conjugation Enhances the Antibacterial Activity of KR12 over KR12 Alone
2.1.2. Comparison of AMP’s Membrane Permeability and Ability to Disrupt Cell Membranes
2.1.3. Comparison of AMP’s DNA Binding Ability
2.1.4. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of AMP on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Inflammation
2.2. Self-Entrapment of AMPs in Silica Particles via AMP-Mediated Silica Deposition
2.3. Characterization of CPP-KR12 In Silica Nanoparticle Form
2.3.1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of AMP@Si
2.3.2. Comparison of CPP-KR12 Delivery between Free and Immobilized Form
2.3.3. Stability of AMP@Si against Protease Treatment
2.4. Cytotoxicity and Hemolytic Activity of AMPs and AMP@Sis
2.5. AMP-Device Combination Products
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Bacterial Strains
3.3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)
3.4. Silica Deposition and Quantification
3.5. Measurement of Entrapping and Loading Efficiency of AMP in Silica Particles
3.6. SYTOXTM Green Uptake Assay
3.7. Stability of AMP@Si against Protease Attack
3.8. Cytotoxicity and Hemolytic Activity Assay
3.9. Effect of AMPs on mRNA Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
3.10. Gel Retardation Assay
3.11. STED Microscopy and Confocal Images of Cells
3.12. Live/Dead Cell Assay
3.13. Zeta Potential Measurement
3.14. Sample Preparation of Bacterial Cells for SEM
3.15. Preparation of BGS Coated with AMP@Si (AMP@Si /β-TCP)
3.16. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.17. High-Performance X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer
3.18. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Sequence (N-C) | AA # | Calculated Mass (Da) a | Observed Mass (Da) b | pI a | Net Charge a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KR12 | KRIVQRIKDFLR | 12 | 1612.00 | 1612.80 | 12.79 | +4 |
CPP | RKKRRQRRR | 9 | 1379.89 | 1380.00 | 14.00 | +8 |
CPP-KR12 | RKKRRQRRRGSSKRIVQRIKDFLR | 24 | 3163.94 | 3165.00 | 13.39 | +12 |
FITC-CPP-KR12 | FITC-Ahx-RKKRRQRRRGSSKRIVQRIKDFLR | 24 | 3624.05 | 3625.92 | 13.39 | +12 |
Peptide | E. coli | P. aeruginosa | S. aureus |
---|---|---|---|
KR12 | 103.36 ± 25.82 | 181.98 ± 68.20 | >320 a |
CPP-KR12 | 12.09 ± 4.97 | 6.12 ± 3.72 | 22.80 ± 8.48 |
bp value | 0.248 | 0.035 | 0 |
Initial AMP (μg) | Entrapped AMP (μg) | Silica Deposition (μg) | LE a (%) | EE b (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KR12@Si | 100 | 56.70 ± 4.71 | 25.14 ± 2.08 | 69.16 | 56.70 |
CPP@Si | 100 | 95.45 ± 2.06 | 30.29 ± 2.44 | 76.31 | 95.45 |
CPP-KR12@Si | 100 | 94.45 ± 1.93 | 33.70 ± 2.86 | 73.83 | 94.45 |
Peptide | E. coli | P. aeruginosa | S. aureus |
---|---|---|---|
KR12@Si | 105.27 ± 2 8.62 | >180 a | 58.16 ± 19.39 |
CPP-KR12@Si | 14.54 ± 4.89 | 8.4 0 ± 2.81 | 28.75 ± 16.87 |
bp value | 0 | 0 | 0.1599 |
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Ki, M.-R.; Kim, S.H.; Park, T.I.; Pack, S.P. Self-Entrapment of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silica Particles for Stable and Effective Antimicrobial Peptide Delivery System. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216423
Ki M-R, Kim SH, Park TI, Pack SP. Self-Entrapment of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silica Particles for Stable and Effective Antimicrobial Peptide Delivery System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(22):16423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216423
Chicago/Turabian StyleKi, Mi-Ran, Sung Ho Kim, Tae In Park, and Seung Pil Pack. 2023. "Self-Entrapment of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silica Particles for Stable and Effective Antimicrobial Peptide Delivery System" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22: 16423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216423