Are Non-Invasive Modalities for the Assessment of Atherosclerosis Useful for Heart Failure Predictions?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Coronary Artery Calcification
3. Ankle-Brachial Index
4. Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index
5. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First Author (Ref.#) | N | Mean Age (Years) | Male (%) | Follow-Up (Years) | Number of HF Events | Risk Categories: CAC | Reference: CAC | Adjusted HR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leening et al. [5] | 1897 | 70 | 42 | 6.8 | 78 | >400 | 0–10 | 4.1 (1.7–10.1) |
Kalsch et al. [6] | 4814 | 65 | 44 | 105 | Log(2)(CAC + 1) | 1.07 (0.998–1.14) * | ||
Bakhshi et al. [12] | 5644 | 62 | 47 | 9.6 | 182 | 10 unit progression/year | 3% increased risk | |
Sharma et al. [21] | 6809 | 62 | 47 | 11.2 | 127 (HFpEF) | >300 | 0 | 1.68 (1.00–1.83) |
First Author (Ref.#) | N | Mean Age (years) | Male (%) | Follow-Up (years) | Number of HF Events | Risk Categories: ABI | Reference: ABI | Adjusted HR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang et al. [7] | 4160 without ASCVD | 74 | 38 | 5.5 | <0.90 | 1.11–1.20 | 2.23 (1.40–3.56) | |
0.91–1.00 | 1.48 (0.91–2.42) | |||||||
1.01–1.10 | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | |||||||
1.21–1.30 | 1.00 (0.61–1.63) | |||||||
>1.30 | 1.16 (0.67–2.00) | |||||||
843 with ASCVD | 75 | 65 | 5.5 | <0.90 | 1.21–1.30 | 7.12 (2.47–20.50) | ||
0.91–1.00 | 6.55 (2.24–19.17) | |||||||
1.01–1.10 | 4.81 (1.68–13.75) | |||||||
1.11–1.20 | 3.01 (1.06–8.58) | |||||||
>1.30 | 3.12 (1.00–9.73) | |||||||
Gupta et al. [27] | 13,150 | 45–64 | 17.7 | 1809 | 0.91–1.00 | 1.01–1.40 | 1.36 (1.17–1.59) | |
<0.90 | 1.40 (1.12–1.74) | |||||||
Prasada et al. [28] | 6553 | 62 | 47 | 14 | 288 (all HF) | <0.90 | 1.01–1.40 | 1.22 (0.82–1.84) |
0.91–1.00 | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | |||||||
>1.40 | 1.46 (0.59–3.60) | |||||||
155 (HFrEF) | <0.90 | 1.01–1.40 | 2.02 (1.19–3.04) | |||||
0.91–1.00 | 0.95 (0.53–1.71) | |||||||
>1.40 | 2.59 (1.92–7.28) | |||||||
133 (HFpEF) | <0.90 | 1.01–1.40 | 0.67 (0.30–1.48) | |||||
0.91–1.00 | 0.86 (1.48–1.55) | |||||||
>1.40 | 0.67 (0.09–4.91) | |||||||
Nishimura et al. [29] | 2824 | 69 | 72.3 | 4.8 | 105 | <0.90 | 1.00–1.40 | 3.00 (1.70–5.28) |
0.91–0.99 | 2.68 (1.35–5.34) |
First Author (Ref.#) | N | Mean Age (years) | Male (%) | Follow-Up (years) | Number of HF Events | Risk Categories | Reference | Adjusted HR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tsao et al. [35] | 2539 | 64 | 44 | 10.1 | 170 | Per SD unit increase in cfPWV | 1.29 (1.02–1.64) | |
Miyoshi et al. [37] | 2932 | 63 | 68 | 4.9 | 21 | CAVI > 9.5 | CAVI < 7.55 | 3.88 (1.42–8.01) |
First Author (Ref. #) | N | Mean Age (years) | Male (%) | Follow-Up (years) | Number of HF Events | Risk Categories: IMT | Reference: IMT | Adjusted HR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effoe, et al. [8] | 13,590 | 54 | 45 | 20.6 | 2008 | 0.62–0.69 mm | <0.62 mm | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) |
0.70–0.79 mm | <0.62 mm | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) | ||||||
>0.79 mm | <0.62 mm | 1.60 (1.37–1.87) | ||||||
per SD increase in carotid IMT | 1.20 (1.16–1.25) | |||||||
Effoe, et al. [44] | 7591 (normal fasting glucose) | 54 | 39 | 20.6 | 843 | per SD increase in carotid IMT | 1.27 (1.20–1.34) | |
4569 (impaired fasting glucose) | 55 | 55.1 | 20.6 | 646 | per SD increase in carotid IMT | 1.18 (1.11–1.25) | ||
1430 (type 2 diabetes) | 56 | 47.3 | 20.6 | 528 | per SD increase in carotid IMT | 1.12 (1.05–1.21) | ||
Engstrom, et al. [45] | 4691 | 13.2 | 13 | 75 | per SD increase in carotid IMT | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) |
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Osawa, K.; Miyoshi, T. Are Non-Invasive Modalities for the Assessment of Atherosclerosis Useful for Heart Failure Predictions? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031925
Osawa K, Miyoshi T. Are Non-Invasive Modalities for the Assessment of Atherosclerosis Useful for Heart Failure Predictions? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):1925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031925
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsawa, Kazuhiro, and Toru Miyoshi. 2023. "Are Non-Invasive Modalities for the Assessment of Atherosclerosis Useful for Heart Failure Predictions?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 1925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031925