Autophagy Is Required to Sustain Increased Intestinal Cell Proliferation during Phenotypic Plasticity Changes in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Key Genes and Signaling Pathways Are Affected in the Midguts of ELWs during Phenotypic Plasticity
2.2. Key DEGs Are Validated in the Midguts of ELWs
2.3. Autophagy Genes Are Up-Regulated in the Midguts of ELWs during Plastic Changes
2.4. Autophagy Is Activated in the Midgut of ELWs
2.5. Autophagy-Induced Cell Death Is Increased in the Midguts of ELWs
2.6. Cell Proliferation Is Significantly Increased in the Midguts of ELWs
2.7. The Intestinal Cell Proliferation of Honey Bee Larvae Is Influenced by the Nutritional Level
2.8. Autophagy Is Required in the Midguts of ELWs during Phenotypic Plasticity Change
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Honey Bees
4.2. RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq)
4.3. RNA-Seq Data Analysis
4.4. Protein-Protein Interaction Network Analysis
4.5. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
4.6. Rearing of Honey Bee Larvae with RJ and without RJ under Laboratory Conditions
4.7. Immunostaining and Fluorescence Microscopy
4.8. EdU Labeling of Proliferation Cell
4.9. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
4.10. TUNEL Staining
4.11. Effects of Autophagy Inhibitors on Cell Proliferation of ELWs’ Midguts
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Guo, Y.; Hu, R.; Li, N.; Li, N.; Wu, J.; Yu, H.; Tan, J.; Li, Z.; Xu, S. Autophagy Is Required to Sustain Increased Intestinal Cell Proliferation during Phenotypic Plasticity Changes in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031926
Guo Y, Hu R, Li N, Li N, Wu J, Yu H, Tan J, Li Z, Xu S. Autophagy Is Required to Sustain Increased Intestinal Cell Proliferation during Phenotypic Plasticity Changes in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031926
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Yueqin, Ruoyang Hu, Naikang Li, Nannan Li, Jiangli Wu, Huimin Yu, Jing Tan, Zhouhua Li, and Shufa Xu. 2023. "Autophagy Is Required to Sustain Increased Intestinal Cell Proliferation during Phenotypic Plasticity Changes in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031926