The Roles of Exosomes in the Diagnose, Development and Therapeutic Resistance of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biogenesis and Classification of Exosomes
Characteristic | Exosomes | Microvesicles | Apoptotic Bodies | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Morphology | Cup-shape | Heterogenies | Heterogenies | [29] |
Origin | Endosome | Plasma membrane | Plasma membrane | [30] |
Size | 30–150 nm | 100–1000 nm | 50–2000 nm | [30,31,32] |
Content | 1. Nucleic acid (small RNA, DNA) 2. Protein (functional protein) 3. Lipid (glycolipids, free fatty acids) | 1. Nucleic acid (RNA, DNA) 2. Protein (functional protein, organelle protein) 3. Lipid (ceramides, sphingomyelins) | 1. Nucleic acid (rRNA, DNA) 2. Protein (histone, organelle protein) 3. Lipid | [33,34] |
Marker | Tetraspanin, TSG101, Alix | Unknown | Apoptosis-related protein | [35,36] |
Function | Involved in various pathophysiological processes | Involved in various pathophysiological processes | Maintain the stability of the internal environment | [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24] |
3. Exosomes in the Diagnosis of OSCC
3.1. Exosomes Derived from Saliva
3.2. Exosomes Derived from Plasma
3.3. Exosomes Derived from Other Origins
4. Exosomes in the Development of OSCC
4.1. Tumor Cell-Derived Exosomes in OSCC
4.1.1. Exosomes-Mediated Malignization
4.1.2. Exosomes-Mediated Immune Response
4.1.3. Exosomes-Mediated Angiogenesis
4.1.4. Exosomes-Mediated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
4.2. Non-Tumor Cell-Derived Exosomes in OSCC
5. Exosomes in the Treatment of OSCC
5.1. Tumor Cell-Derived Exosomes-Mediated Therapy Resistant
5.2. Non-Tumor Cell-Derived Exosomes-Mediated Therapy Resistant
6. Applications and Challenges of Exosomes in OSCC
6.1. Application as Predictive Biomarker
6.2. Application as Therapy Target
6.2.1. Inhibit Biogenesis, Tracking and Secretion of TEXs
6.2.2. Facilitate Clearance of TEXs
6.2.3. Block Function of TEXs by Inhibiting Endocytosis
6.3. Application as Therapy Vector
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sources | Methods | Findings | Clinical Application | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Saliva | FCM | Increased number in OSCC; higher ratio of apoptotic to non-apoptotic exosomes in lower survival | Diagnosis Prognosis | [40] |
Saliva | qRT-PCR | Higher expression of miR-24-3p in OSCC | Diagnosis | [41] |
Saliva | qRT-PCR | miR-302b-3p and miR-517b-3p only expressed in OSCC; miR-512-3p and miR-412-3p expression level increased in OSCC | Diagnosis | [42] |
Saliva | qRT-PCR | Higher expression of miR-31 in OSCC | Diagnosis | [43] |
Saliva | Proteome analysis | Proteins expression level were correlated with OSCC diagnosis and prognosis | Diagnosis Prognosis | [44,45,46] |
Saliva | IR spectrum | Differential IR spectrum in OSCC patients compared with normal donors | Diagnosis | [47] |
Plasma | FCM | Increased number in OSCC | Diagnosis | [10] |
Plasma | Chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer | Higher expression of SCCA in OSCC | Diagnosis | [48] |
Plasma | Proteome analysis | Expression levels of 4 proteins were correlated with metastasis OSCC | Diagnosis | [49] |
Plasma | qRT-PCR | Higher expression of miR-155 and miR-21 in OSCC; lower expression of miR-126 in OSCC with lower survival | Diagnosis Prognosis | [50] |
Plasma | qRT-PCR | Higher expression of miR-130a in OSCC; higher expression of miR-130a in OSCC with lower survival | Diagnosis Prognosis | [51] |
Plasma | ELISA | Decreased level of CD63+ exosomes or CAV-1+ exosomes in OSCC with higher survival | Prognosis | [52] |
Plasma | Proteome analysis | 7 proteins expression level decreased in OSCC with lower survival | Prognosis | [53] |
Plasma | miRNA-Seq | Lower expression of miR-146a was correlated with OSCC malignancy | Prognosis | [54] |
Drainage fluid | Proteome analysis | 365 proteins expression level are correlated to lymph node metastasis in OSCC | Prognosis | [55] |
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Shi, S.; Yu, Z.-L.; Jia, J. The Roles of Exosomes in the Diagnose, Development and Therapeutic Resistance of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031968
Shi S, Yu Z-L, Jia J. The Roles of Exosomes in the Diagnose, Development and Therapeutic Resistance of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031968
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Shan, Zi-Li Yu, and Jun Jia. 2023. "The Roles of Exosomes in the Diagnose, Development and Therapeutic Resistance of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031968