Functions of Steroid Hormones in the Male Reproductive Tract as Revealed by Mouse Models
Abstract
:1. Androgen Actions in the Male Reproductive Tract
2. Global Elimination of ARs
2.1. ARKO Mice
2.2. Inducible AR Knock Out (iARKO)
3. Sertoli Cell-Specific Mouse Models
3.1. Sertoli Cell-Specific Knockout (SCARKO)
3.2. Hypomorph SCARKO Mice
3.3. Gain of Function, TgSCAR
3.4. Specificity-Affecting AR Knock-In (SPARKI)
3.5. Glucocorticoid Receptor Knock Out
4. AR-Regulated, Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) Identified by Mouse Models
4.1. SCARKO Models
4.2. Ribotag Mouse Models
4.3. Single Cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) Analysis of SCARKO Mice
5. Regulation of Germ Cell Meiosis by AR Activities in Sertoli Cells
6. Androgen Pathway Selective Transgenic Mice
7. Peritubular Myoid (PTM), Leydig and Germ Cell-Specific AR Knockout Models
7.1. PTM Cells
7.2. Leydig Cells
7.3. Germ Cells
8. Knockout Mouse Models Reveal Collaborative Interrelationships between Sertoli, PTM, Leydig and Germ Cells
9. Knockout of AR in Accessory Sex Organs
9.1. Prostate
9.2. Seminal Vesicles
9.3. Epididymis
10. Estrogen Actions in the Male
10.1. Discovery of Estrogens and Their Presence in the Male
10.2. Estrogen Administration to Males Produces Deleterious Male Reproductive Effects
10.3. Estrogens Are Present in Males and Estrogen Receptors Are Widely Distributed in Males
10.4. Use of the Estrogen Receptor 1 Knockout Mouse to Establish Roles for Estrogen in Reproductive Tract Development and Function and Fertility in Male Mice
10.5. Normal Estrogen Actions in the Male Reproductive Tract Require Membrane Estrogen Receptor 1
11. 17α-E2, a Stereoisomer of 17β-E2, Increases Longevity in Male Mice
12. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mouse Model | Cell Type | Mutation/Activity | References |
---|---|---|---|
ARKO, T-AR−/y | Global | Ar knock out | [3,4] |
iARKO | Global | Inducible Ar knock out | [6] |
SCARKO, S-AR−/y | Sertoli | Ar knock out | [7,8] |
Arflox(ex1−neo)/Y | Sertoli | Ar hypomorph | [9] |
TgSCAR | Global | Ar gain of function | [10] |
SPARKI | Global | Gr replacement of Ar exon 3 | [11] |
SCGRKO | Sertoli | Gr knock out | [12] |
Ribotag | Leydig, Sertoli | Detects translated mRNAs | [13] |
RiboTag-SCARKO | Sertoli | Detects translated mRNAs in Ar knockout | [14] |
AR-C | Sertoli, Global | Classical AR activity | [15] |
AR-NC | Sertoli, Global | Nonclassical AR activity | [15] |
(PTM)-ARKO | Smooth Muscle (SM) | Ar knock out | [16] |
PM-AR−/y | SM | Ar knock out | [17] |
L-AR−/Y | Leydig | Ar knock out | [18] |
G-AR−/y | Germ | Ar knock out | [8] |
PEARKO | Prostate Epithelium | Ar knock out | [19] |
Pes-ARKO | Prostate Epithelium | Ar knock out | [20] |
SM-ARKO | SM | Ar knock out | [21] |
FSP1-ARKO | Fibroblast | Ar knock out | [22] |
dARKO | Fibroblast + SM | Ar knock out | [23] |
ProxE-ARKO | Proximal Epididymis | Ar knock out | [24] |
CEARKO | Principal (Epididymis) | Ar knock out | [25] |
Esr1KO | Global | Esr1 knock out | [26] |
NOER | Global | Membrane Esr1 knock out | [27,28] |
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Walker, W.H.; Cooke, P.S. Functions of Steroid Hormones in the Male Reproductive Tract as Revealed by Mouse Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032748
Walker WH, Cooke PS. Functions of Steroid Hormones in the Male Reproductive Tract as Revealed by Mouse Models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032748
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalker, William H., and Paul S. Cooke. 2023. "Functions of Steroid Hormones in the Male Reproductive Tract as Revealed by Mouse Models" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032748