Tweaking the Small Non-Coding RNAs to Improve Desirable Traits in Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Class | Mechanism | Length (nt) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Short interfering RNA (siRNA) | Targeted mRNA cleavage | 21–24 | [10] |
MicroRNA (miRNA) | Translational silencing, mRNA cleavage | 20–24 | [11] |
Trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) | mRNA cleavage | 21–22 | [12] |
Phased secondary small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) | mRNA cleavage, function in development | 20–21 | [13] |
2. Short Interfering RNAs
2.1. Biogenesis of Short Interfering RNAs
2.2. RNA-Induced Silencing Complex: The Versatile Gene Silencing Complex
2.3. Short Interfering RNA Mediated Silencing in Plants
2.4. Tweaking the siRNAs to Improve Desirable Traits in Plants
Plant | Targeted Gene | Traits Involved | References |
---|---|---|---|
Wheat | SBE IIa and SBE IIb | Increased amylose content | [72] |
Rice | OsDWARF4 | Improved biomass | [73] |
Cotton | Δ 9-desaturase and oleoyl- phosphatidylcholine γ6-desaturase | Improved stearic- and oleic- fatty acid content | [74] |
Onion | Lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS) | Tearless onion | [75] |
Rice | OsGA20ox2 | Improved grain yield | [76] |
Cotton | Delta-cadinene synthase | Reduced toxic terpenoid gossypol | [77] |
Rice | OsSSI2 | Resistance against Magnaporthe grisea and Xanthomonas oryzae | [78] |
Rice | GluB | Decreased glutelin content | [79] |
Rice | OsFAD7 and OsFAD8 | Resistance against Magnaporthe grisea | [80] |
Tomato | SlNCED1 | Increased concentration of β-Carotene and lycopene | [81] |
Potato | SYR1 | Resistance against Phytophthora infestans | [82] |
Tomato | DET1 | Increased concentration of Carotenoid and flavonoid | [83] |
Wheat | MLO | Resistance against Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici | [84] |
Tomato | α-Man/β-Hex | Increased fruit shelf-life | [85] |
Arabidopsis | 16D10 | Resistance against Meloidogyne incognita | [86] |
Tomato | ACC synthase (ACS) | Decreased content of ethylene | [87] |
Tobacco | Splicing factor and integrase | Resistance against Meloidogyne incognita | [88] |
Tomato | Chalcone synthase | Production of Seedless fruit | [89] |
Rice | PNS12 | Resistance against Rice Dwarf Virus (RDV) | [90] |
Arabidopsis | HC-Pro | Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) | [91] |
Canola | Farnesyl transferase | Increased drought tolerance | [92] |
Rice | OsDIS1 | Increased drought tolerance | [93] |
Sugarcane | CP | Enhanced resistance against sugarcane mosaic virus | [94] |
Potato | eIF4E | Enhanced resistance against potato virus Y | [95] |
Soybean | AC2 | Improved resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic India virus | [96] |
Soybean | CP | Improved resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic India virus | [97] |
Soybean | P3 cistron | Enhanced resistance to soybean mosaic virus | [98] |
Rice | S7-2 | Improved resistance against rice black streak dwarf virus | [99] |
Cotton | IR | Improved resistance against cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus | [100] |
3. microRNA: Structure and Biogenesis
Properties | siRNA | miRNA | References |
---|---|---|---|
Discovery | 1999 | 1993 | [29,126] |
Definition | Cell’s defense mechanism against foreign nucleic acids | Regulator of endogenous genes | [127] |
Length | 21–24 nt | 20–22 nt | [128] |
Precursor | Long dsRNAs | Hairpin-shaped ssRNAs | [129] |
Gene regulation mechanism | Transcriptional and post-transcriptional | Post-transcriptional only | [128] |
Mode of action | Histone modification, DNA methylation, and mRNA degradation | Translational repression and mRNA degradation | [128] |
Argonaute requirement | AGO1, AGO4, AGO6, AGO7 | AGO1, AGO10 | [130,131] |
Nature of complementation with target | Fully complementary | Fully/partially complementary | [127] |
Functions | Defense against viruses, transposons | Biotic/abiotic stress response, cell development, and differentiation | [128,132,133] |
3.1. Mode of Action of microRNA
3.1.1. Transcript Cleavage
3.1.2. Translation Inhibition
3.2. microRNA Mediated Silencing in Plants
3.3. Tweaking the miRNAs to Improve Desirable Traits in Plants
Plant | miRNA | Targeted Towards | Traits Involved | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tomato | miR482e-3p | NBS-LRR class proteins | Improved fungal resistance | [187] |
Tomato | miR482/2118 | Leucine-rich repeat protein | Improved bacterial resistance | [188] |
Arabidopsis | miR827 | Nitrogen limitation adaptation | Improved nematode resistance | [189] |
Cotton | miR166b | Mitochondrial ATP synthase of Bemisia tabaci | Improved insect resistance | [190] |
Arabidopsis | miR773 | Methyltransferase 2 | Improved fungal resistance | [186] |
Arabidopsis | miR408 | uclacyanin | Improved biomass grain yield | [191] |
Rice | miR396 | GRF6 | Yield increase | [192] |
Arabidopsis | miR319 | TCP transcription factors | Delayed flowering | [193] |
Camelina sativa | miR159 | Fatty acyl-ACP thioesterases | Improved seed quality | [194] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | miR160 | ARF10, 16, 17 | Improved biomass | [195] |
Tomato | miR858 | SlMYB7-like | Increased anthocyanin | [196] |
Arabidopsis | miR398 | CSD1 and CSD2 | Improved resistance against salt and heavy metal | [197] |
Wheat | miR408 | Phosphate transporter | Improved biomass and Pi acquisition | [198] |
Rice, tobacco | miR444 | OsMADS23,27a,27b,57 and Tobacco genes (NRTs/AEEs) | Improved N and Pi acquisition | [199,200] |
Rice | miR528 | L-ascorbate oxidase | Improved resistance against RBSDV | [201] |
Rice | miR444 | MIKCC-type MADS-box proteins | Improved resistance against RSV | [202] |
Arabidopsis | miR156 | SPL9 | Improved resistance against insect | [203] |
Rice | miR396 | GRF8 | Improved resistance against insect and fungi | [204,205] |
Arabidopsis | miR159 | sex lethal (Sxl) protein, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and orcokinin (Orc) | Improved resistance against insect | [206] |
Tomato, alfalfa | miR156 | SPL | Improved tolerance against drought | [207,208] |
Arabidopsis | miR402 | DEMETER-LIKE Protein 3 | Improved tolerance against salinity | [209] |
Cotton | miR160 | ARF10, ARF16, ARF17 | Improved tolerance against Heat | [210] |
Sunflower | miR396 | HaWRKY6 | Improved tolerance against heat | [211] |
Rice | miR166 | HD-Zip family proteins | Improved tolerance against Cd | [212] |
Arabidopsis | miR402 | DEMETER-LIKE Protein 3 | Improved tolerance against salinity and increased seed germination | [209] |
Tomato | miR169 | SlNF-YA1/2/3, SlMRP1 | Improved resistance against drought | [170] |
Wheat | miR408 | NAC domain protein and protein phosphatase | Increased uptake of Potassium | [213] |
4. Trans-Acting siRNA
4.1. Biogenesis and Structure
4.2. tasiRNA Mediated Silencing in Plants
4.3. Tweaking the tasiRNAs to Improve the Desirable Traits in Plants
5. Present Challenges Regarding Non-Coding RNAs
6. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Halder, K.; Chaudhuri, A.; Abdin, M.Z.; Datta, A. Tweaking the Small Non-Coding RNAs to Improve Desirable Traits in Plant. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043143
Halder K, Chaudhuri A, Abdin MZ, Datta A. Tweaking the Small Non-Coding RNAs to Improve Desirable Traits in Plant. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(4):3143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043143
Chicago/Turabian StyleHalder, Koushik, Abira Chaudhuri, Malik Z. Abdin, and Asis Datta. 2023. "Tweaking the Small Non-Coding RNAs to Improve Desirable Traits in Plant" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4: 3143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043143