Molecular Responses of Daphnids to Chronic Exposures to Pharmaceuticals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Culturing Daphnids and Exposures to Pharmaceuticals
4.3. Sample Homogenization for Biochemical Assays
4.4. Sample Homogenization for Metabolomics Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical | Hill Slope | EC50 | EC10 | EC5 | EC1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diclofenac | 4.6 | 101.3 | 62.8 | 53.4 | 37.3 |
Metformin | 7.76 | 99.04 | 74.6 | 67.8 | 54.8 |
Carbamazepine | 18.21 | 107.5 | 95.3 | 91.5 | 83.5 |
Gemfibrozil | 8.3 | 100 | 76.7 | 70.1 | 57.5 |
Enzyme | Control | Diclofenac | Metformin | Gabapentin | Mixture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALP | 13.8 ± 1.42 | 11.7 ± 0.82 (−15.2%) * | 11.3 ± 0.71 (−18.1%) * | 13.4 ± 1.47 | 11.8 ± 1.66 |
ACP | 4.4 ± 0.34 | 3.2 ± 0.01 (−27.3%) * | 4.1 ± 0.41 | 3.8 ± 0.24 (−13.6%) * | 3.6 ± 0.28 (−18.2%) * |
βGAL | 3.2 ± 0.36 | 2.7 ± 0.32 | 2.5 ± 0.29 (−21.9%) * | 2.8 ± 0.14 | 3.1 ± 0.26 |
LIP | 12.2 ± 0.44 | 12 ± 1.43 | 14.1 ± 2.4 | 14.8 ± 0.38 (+21.3%) * | 12 ± 1.45 |
PEP | 137 ± 14.4 | 170 ± 11.3 (+24.1%) * | 148 ± 10.3 | 143 ± 15.6 | 154 ± 13.5 |
LDH | 39.4 ± 8.36 | 31.2 ± 6 | 50.1 ± 4.23 | 46.2 ± 6.71 | 71.9 ± 11.2 (+82.5%) * |
GST | 39.4 ± 2.57 | 34.5 ± 11 | 50.9 ± 2.12 (+29.2%) * | 52 ± 4.62 (+31.2%) * | 55.6 ± 1.72 (+41.1%) * |
Enzyme | Control | DMSO | Carbamazpine | Gemfibrozil | Mixture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALP | 3.7 ± 0.33 | 4.5 ± 0.42 $ | 3.9 ± 0.31 | 5 ± 0.18 | 3.9 ± 0.28 |
ACP | 2.9 ± 0.13 | 3.2 ± 0.19 $ | 2.7 ± 0.2 (−15.6%) * | 2.9 ± 0.02 (−9.4%) * | 3 ± 0.11 |
βGAL | 1.6 ± 0.23 | 1.8 ± 0.19 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.22 (+38.9%) * | 2 ± 0.12 |
LIP | 71.5 ± 6.71 | 86.2 ± 4.7 $ | 84.4 ± 6.35 | 82.4 ± 3.56 | 92.2 ± 6.15 |
PEP | 319 ± 55.4 | 554 ± 15.5 $ | 300 ± 78.1 (−45.8%) * | 394 ± 33.2 (−28.9%) * | 379 ± 16.6 (−31.6%) * |
LDH | 78.3 ± 13.3 | 148 ± 23.4 $ | 154 ± 32.5 | 126 ± 14.9 | 113 ± 10.9 (−23.6%) * |
GST | 56.3 ± 10.8 | 79.6 ± 6.07 $ | 45.4 ± 6.88 (−43%) * | 71.4 ± 0.74 (−10.3%) * | 67.2 ± 7.83 (−15.6%) * |
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O’Rourke, K.; Engelmann, B.; Altenburger, R.; Rolle-Kampczyk, U.; Grintzalis, K. Molecular Responses of Daphnids to Chronic Exposures to Pharmaceuticals. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044100
O’Rourke K, Engelmann B, Altenburger R, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Grintzalis K. Molecular Responses of Daphnids to Chronic Exposures to Pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(4):4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044100
Chicago/Turabian StyleO’Rourke, Katie, Beatrice Engelmann, Rolf Altenburger, Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk, and Konstantinos Grintzalis. 2023. "Molecular Responses of Daphnids to Chronic Exposures to Pharmaceuticals" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4: 4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044100