Microbiota-Derived Natural Products Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Inside the Gut Pharma Factory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Tumour Cell Biology
3. Therapy-Resistant Nature of Cancer Stem Cells
3.1. Cell Cycle Arrest and Quiescence
3.2. Autophagy
3.3. Tumour Microenvironment
3.4. Drug Inactivation
3.5. Drug Extrusion
3.6. Altered DNA Damage Response (DDR)
3.7. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
3.8. Vasculogenic Mimicry
3.9. Acquisition of Stemness Due to Treatment
4. Role of the Gut Microbiota in Cancer
5. Microbiota-Derived Metabolites with Activity towards CSCs
5.1. Butyrate
5.2. Secondary Biliary Acids
5.3. Cadaverine and Indolepropionic Acid
5.4. Ellagic Acid and Urolithins
5.5. Retinoids
6. Conclusions
7. Data Collection
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
13cisRA | 13-cis-retinoic acid |
5-FU | 5-fluorouracil |
ABC | ATP-binding cassette |
ABCG2 | ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 |
AKT | serine/threonine kinase |
ALDH | aldehyde dehydrogenase |
AML | acute myeloid leukaemia |
atRA | all-trans-retinoic acid |
atROL | all-trans-retinol |
Bax | Bcl-2-associated X protein |
Bcl | B-cell lymphoma 2 |
BCRP | breast cancer resistance protein |
BMI1 | polycomb complex protein BMI-1 |
CFS | cell-free supernatant |
CLDN-1 | claudin-1 |
CMI | clomipramine |
CQ | chloroquine |
CSC | cancer stem cells |
CYP26 | cytochrome P450 26A1 |
DDR | DNA damage response |
DIO | diet-induced obese |
DOC or DCA | deoxycholic acid |
DOX | doxorubicin |
DSB | double-strand breaks |
EA | ellagic acid |
EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor |
EMT | epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition |
ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
FMT | faecal microbiota transplantation |
FXR | farnesoid X receptor |
GIST | gastrointestinal stromal tumour |
GLUT1 | glucose transporter 1 |
gp130 | glycoprotein 130 |
GPR109a | G protein-coupled receptor 109a |
HDAC | histone deacetylase |
SHH | sonic hedgehog |
HIF | hypoxia-inducible factor |
ICD | immunogenic cell death |
IDO1 | indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 |
IDO2 | indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 |
IPA | indolepropionic acid |
JAK | Janus kinase |
LCA | lithocholic acid |
LDC | lysine decarboxylase |
Lgr5 | leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 |
M3R | muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 |
MDR | multidrug resistance |
MET | mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition |
MFB | metformin-butyrate |
miRNA | micro-RNA |
MRN | MRE11–RAD50–NBS1 protein complex |
NLRC5 | NLR family CARD Domain Containing 5 |
NOD/SCID | non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient |
Notch1 | neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 |
OCT3 | octamer-binding transcription factor 3 |
OCT4 | octamer-binding transcription factor 4 |
PKC | protein kinase C |
RA | retinoic acid |
SCFA | short-chain fatty acid |
SOX2 | (sex determining region Y)-box 2 |
STAT3 | signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
TDO | tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase |
TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 |
T-βMCA | tauro-β-muricholic acid |
Uro | urolithin |
VEGF | vascular-endothelial growth factor |
VM | vasculogenic mimicry |
Wnt | Wingless/Integrated |
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Artusa, V.; Calabrone, L.; Mortara, L.; Peri, F.; Bruno, A. Microbiota-Derived Natural Products Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Inside the Gut Pharma Factory. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054997
Artusa V, Calabrone L, Mortara L, Peri F, Bruno A. Microbiota-Derived Natural Products Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Inside the Gut Pharma Factory. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5):4997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054997
Chicago/Turabian StyleArtusa, Valentina, Luana Calabrone, Lorenzo Mortara, Francesco Peri, and Antonino Bruno. 2023. "Microbiota-Derived Natural Products Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Inside the Gut Pharma Factory" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5: 4997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054997