Development of Antifouling Coatings Based on Quaternary Ammonium Compounds through a Multilayer Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of Polymers
2.2. Preparation of Coated Nets
2.3. Release Study of Polymer Coatings
2.4. Action of New Polymeric Coatings against Biofouling
2.4.1. Testing under Accelerated Biofouling Conditions
2.4.2. Testing under Real Field Conditions
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Synthetic Procedures
3.2.1. P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) and P(VBCTMAM-co-AA20)
3.2.2. PHMG
3.3. Preparation of the Coated Aquaculture Nets
3.4. Characterization Techniques
3.4.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Hydrogen Spectroscopy (1H-NMR)
3.4.2. Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
3.4.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)
3.5. Release Studies
3.5.1. Soluble Fraction and Solvent Uptake Studies of Coated Nets
3.5.2. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN) Measurements
3.6. Antifouling Performance of Coated Nets
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Concentration (g/dL) | [η] (dL/g) in 0.3 N NaCl | Mη |
---|---|---|
8.00 | 0.02095 | 646 |
Net Code | 1st Layer (in DMSO) | 2nd Layer (in H2O) | Layers’ Ratio % wt. | Coatings’ Loading % wt. |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1 | P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) | P(VBCTMAM-co-AA20) | 55/45 | 34 |
CN2 | P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) | PAA | 70/30 | 30 |
CN3 | P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) | PAA/PHMG | 70/30 | 35 |
Net Code | Immersion Time | Soluble Fraction % wt. | Solvent Uptake % wt. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2O | ΝaCl 0.6 M | H2O | ΝaCl 0.6 M | ||
CN1 | 1st cycle (10 d) | 32 | 6 | 167 | 159 |
2nd cycle (25 d) | 35 | 9 | 154 | 170 | |
CN2 | 1st cycle (10 d) | 5 | 4 | 30 | 190 |
2nd cycle (25 d) | 13 | 2 | 108 | 89 | |
CN3 | 1st cycle (10 d) | 14 | 6 | 80 | 130 |
2nd cycle (25 d) | 5 | 8 | 14 | 74 |
Net Code | 1st (and 3rd) Layer (in DMSO) | 2nd (and 4th) Layer (in H2O) | Number of Layers | Layers’ Ratio % wt. | Coatings’ Loading % wt. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S13a | P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) | PAA | 2 | 70/30 | 30 |
S13b | P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) | PAA | 4 | 70/30 | 50 |
S14a | P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) | PAA/PHMG | 4 | 70/30 | 60 |
S14b | P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) | PAA/PHMG | 2 | 70/30 | 29 |
S15a | P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) | P(VBCTMAM-co-AA20) | 2 | 55/45 | 30 |
S15b | P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) | P(VBCTMAM-co-AA20) | 4 | 55/45 | 43 |
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Druvari, D.; Lainioti, G.C.; Bekiari, V.; Avramidis, P.; Kallitsis, J.K.; Bokias, G. Development of Antifouling Coatings Based on Quaternary Ammonium Compounds through a Multilayer Approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 6594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076594
Druvari D, Lainioti GC, Bekiari V, Avramidis P, Kallitsis JK, Bokias G. Development of Antifouling Coatings Based on Quaternary Ammonium Compounds through a Multilayer Approach. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(7):6594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076594
Chicago/Turabian StyleDruvari, Denisa, Georgia C. Lainioti, Vlasoula Bekiari, Pavlos Avramidis, Joannis K. Kallitsis, and Georgios Bokias. 2023. "Development of Antifouling Coatings Based on Quaternary Ammonium Compounds through a Multilayer Approach" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7: 6594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076594
APA StyleDruvari, D., Lainioti, G. C., Bekiari, V., Avramidis, P., Kallitsis, J. K., & Bokias, G. (2023). Development of Antifouling Coatings Based on Quaternary Ammonium Compounds through a Multilayer Approach. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(7), 6594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076594